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# Carbohydrates and Cell Function This document discusses carbohydrates, their role in cell function, and different types of solutions in relation to cell membranes. ## Carbohydrates - Carbohydrates are located on the outer parts of cells. - They are attached to proteins or lipids. - They are inv...

# Carbohydrates and Cell Function This document discusses carbohydrates, their role in cell function, and different types of solutions in relation to cell membranes. ## Carbohydrates - Carbohydrates are located on the outer parts of cells. - They are attached to proteins or lipids. - They are involved in cell function and communication. - Their structure is referred to as the glycocalyx. ## Solutions **Solution:** A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. **Solute:** The substance being dissolved (e.g., sugars, amino acids). **Solvent:** The substance doing the dissolving (primarily water). ## Types of Solutions - **Hypotonic:** A solution with a lower solute concentration compared to another solution. - **Hypertonic:** A solution with a higher solute concentration compared to another solution. - **Isotonic:** Solutions having approximately the same solute concentration. ## Membrane Transport - **Diffusion:** The movement of a substance across a membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. - **Osmosis:** A special type of diffusion, specifically for the movement of water across a membrane. - **Passive Transport:** Movement of substances across a membrane without energy input. - **Active Transport:** Movement of substances across a membrane requiring energy input. - **Bulk Transport:** Movement of large quantities of substances across a membrane. ## Phospholipid - Phospholipids are a type of lipid that are important components of cell membranes. - A phospholipid has a glycerol backbone, a phosphate group, and a fatty acid tail.