Mcb 320 Metabolic Disorders & Obesity PDF

MCB 320 Metabolic Disorders Obesity Suggested Reading: Molecular Pathology, Chapter -- 1 ©Eric Bolton  Objectives Demonstrat...

MCB 320 Metabolic Disorders Obesity Suggested Reading: Molecular Pathology, Chapter -- 1 ©Eric Bolton  Objectives Demonstrate understanding of obesity prevalence Demonstrate understanding of essential concepts related to metabolic homeostasis, energy balance, and obesity Understand key factors involved in energy intake and appetite control Demonstrate understanding of the homeostatic mechanisms of appetite control by the nervous and endocrine systems 2 ©Eric Bolton  Medical Complications of Obesity Sources: National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC Vital Signs, 2010. 3 ©Eric Bolton  Obesity is a Risk Factor for Human Diseases Number % of All Rank Cause of Death of Deaths Deaths 1 Heart Diseases 702,880 21.4 2 Cancer 608,371 18.5 3 Accidents (unintentional injuries) 227,039 6.9 4 COVID-19 186,552 5.7 5 Cerebrovascular Diseases 165,393 5.0 Chronic Lower Respiratory 6 Diseases 147,382 4.5 7 Alzheimer Disease 120,122 3.7 8 Diabetes Mellitus 101,209 3.1 9 Kidney Diseases 57,937 1.8 10 Chronic Liver Diseases 54,803 1.7 Sources: Bray F et al. CA Cancer J Clin. (74) 2024; National Center for Health Statistics, Mortality in the United States, 2022, NCHS Data Brief 492, 2024. 4 ©Eric Bolton  Obesity in Adult Populations, 2016 Body Mass Index (BMI) Calculated from a person’s weight and height Provides a reliable indicator of body fatness for most people Used to identify weight categories that lead to health problems Classes: underweight ( - want to prestive muscle mass be they born Drugs that activate mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCPs) more - calories) increase metabolic flux and uncouple the processes of electron - transport and ATP synthesis, resulting in energy release as heat 25 ©Eric Bolton  Review Question Which statement, regarding neurotransmitters that control appetite, is FALSE? ⑧ A. Anorexigenic substances increase energy intake (appetite) and act on the hunger center. B. Anorexigenic substances decrease energy intake (appetite) and act on the satiety center. C. Leptin acts in the hypothalamus to suppress energy intake (appetite) by inhibiting secretion of Neuropeptide Y. D. Neuropeptide Y regulates the secretion of additional anorexigenic molecules from the hypothalamus. 26 ©Eric Bolton  Summary Energy balance refers to the metabolic state in which the energy intake is equivalent to the energy expenditure. Being in energy balance means that your weight will not change; however, it does not mean that you are at a healthy weight. The hypothalamus receives input about the state of the body, and initiates compensatory changes through the endocrine system to the pituitary gland. The satiety and hunger centers of the hypothalamus control appetite and energy intake. A combination of short-term and long-term factors regulate energy intake and appetite. These substances include nutrients such as glucose, hormones like leptin, and neurotransmitters. Orexigenic substances and anorexigenic substances are neurotransmitters that control energy intake and appetite. Orexigenic substances increase appetite and act on the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) – a hunger center. Anorexigenic substances decrease appetite and act on the ventromedial nucleus (VMN) – a satiety center. 27 ©Eric Bolton