Understanding the Transport Layer in Networking PDF

Understanding the Transport Layer in Networking Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio5jq 1. Transport Layer Facilitates communication between applications on hosts. 2. TCP Reliable transport layer prot...

Understanding the Transport Layer in Networking Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio5jq 1. Transport Layer Facilitates communication between applications on hosts. 2. TCP Reliable transport layer protocol for data transmis- sion. 3. UDP Connectionless transport layer protocol for faster communication. 4. Conversation Data flow between source and destination applica- tions. 5. Segmenting Data Dividing application data into manageable blocks. 6. Reassembling Seg- Combining data blocks into complete data streams. ments 7. Header Information Binary data added to each block for management. 8. Port Number Identifier for target applications in data streams. 1 / 13  Understanding the Transport Layer in Networking Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio5jq 9. Transport Layer Re- Functions include tracking, segmenting, and iden- sponsibilities tifying applications. 10. Logical Communica- Abstract communication between applications tions across networks. 11. Data Blocks Segments or datagrams created for data transport. 12. Multiple Conversa- Transport layer tracks several simultaneous data tions flows. 13. Application Layer Layer above transport layer handling applica- tion-specific data. 14. Network Transmission Lower layers responsible for actual data transport. 15. Congestion Aware- Transport layer does not consider network conges- ness tion. 16. Data Packet Limitation Network limits size of data in single packets. 17. Transport Protocol Different protocols manage data communication Functions uniquely. 18. Receiving Host Device that reassembles data for application use. 19. Transport Layer Proto- Includes TCP and UDP for data handling. cols 20. Unique Port Assign- Each application process assigned a distinct port ment number. 2 / 13  Understanding the Transport Layer in Networking Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio5jq 21. Data Stream Continuous flow of data between applications. 22. Transmission Control Ensures reliable delivery of data packets. 23. User Datagram Proto- Fast, but less reliable than TCP. col 24. Conversation Multi- Interleaves multiple communications on the same plexing network. 25. Segmentation Divides data into smaller segments for transmis- sion. 26. Error Checking Verifies data integrity during transmission. 27. Transport Layer Proto- Protocols managing message transfer between cols hosts. 28. TCP Reliable, connection-oriented transport layer proto- col. 29. UDP Unreliable, connectionless transport layer protocol. 30. Reliability Require- Different applications need varying levels of data ments reliability. 31. Transmission Control Ensures complete data delivery to the destination. Protocol (TCP) 32. Flow Control Regulates data transmission rate between sender and receiver. 33. Data Segments Units of data tracked by TCP during transmission. 34. Connection-Oriented Establishes a connection before data transfer. Protocol 3 / 13  Understanding the Transport Layer in Networking Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio5jq 35. Stateful Protocol Tracks the state of communication sessions. 36. Session Establish- Initial phase where TCP connection is created. ment 37. Session Termination Final phase where TCP connection is closed. 38. TCP Segment Over- Adds 20 bytes to encapsulate application data. head 39. Source Port 16-bit field identifying the source application. 40. Destination Port 16-bit field identifying the destination application. 41. Sequence Number 32-bit field for data reassembly purposes. 42. Acknowledgment Indicates received data and next expected byte. Number 43. Header Length Indicates length of the TCP segment header. 44. Reserved Field 6-bit field for future use in TCP. 45. Control Bits Flags indicating the purpose of the TCP segment. 46. Window Size Indicates bytes accepted at one time. 47. Checksum Used for error checking segment data. 48. Urgent Indicates if data is urgent. 49. User Datagram Proto- Simpler, connectionless transport layer protocol. col (UDP) 4 / 13  Understanding the Transport Layer in Networking Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio5jq 50. Reliability UDP does not ensure data delivery. 51. Flow control UDP lacks mechanisms for controlling data flow. 52. Datagrams Blocks of communication in UDP. 53. Stateless protocol Does not track communication session state. 54. Best-effort delivery No acknowledgment of data receipt in UDP. 55. UDP header Contains four fields requiring 8 bytes. 56. Source Port Identifies source application by port number. 57. Destination Port Identifies destination application by port number. 58. Sequence Number Used for data reassembly in UDP. 59. Length Indicates length of UDP datagram header. 60. Socket Combination of IP address and port number. 61. Encapsulation Segments are encapsulated within an IP packet. 62. Application layer Handles reliability if required by UDP. 63. Live video and voice Applications suited for UDP due to speed. 64. UDP overhead Minimal overhead compared to TCP. 65. Port number Used to distinguish applications in sockets. 66. Return address Source port acts as return address. 67. Client-server distinc- Sockets differentiate multiple processes on clients. tion 68. Transport Layer Layer responsible for end-to-end communication. 69. Socket Pair Combination of client and server IP:port. 5 / 13  Understanding the Transport Layer in Networking Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio5jq 70. FTP File Transfer Protocol, uses port 21. 71. Web Service HTTP service typically using port 80. 72. Source Port Port number from which a request originates. 73. Destination Port Port number where a request is sent. 74. Client Socket Client's IP and source port combination. 75. Server Socket Server's IP and destination port combination. 76. Open Port Port actively accepting connections on a server. 77. Well-Known Ports Ports 0-1023, reserved for specific services. 78. Dynamic Port Ports assigned temporarily for client requests. 79. TCP Transmission Control Protocol, ensures reliable communication. 80. Three-Way Handshake Process to establish a TCP connection. 81. Client Request Initiation of communication from client to server. 82. Server Response Reply from server to client request. 83. Port Configuration Manual or automatic assignment of port numbers. 84. Active Server Applica- Application currently listening on a port. tion 85. Request directed to a specific server socket. 6 / 13  Understanding the Transport Layer in Networking Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio5jq Incoming Client Re- quest 86. Response Destination Port in server response, originally client source Port port. 87. Response Source Port Port in server response, originally client destination port. 88. Email Service Typically uses SMTP on port 25. 89. Source Port Example Client using port 49152 for requests. 90. Destination Port Exam- Server responding to port 49152 for web. ple 91. SYN Initiating client requests a communication session. 92. ACK Acknowledgment of received communication ses- sion. 93. FIN Control flag to terminate a TCP session. 94. TCP Transmission Control Protocol for reliable commu- nication. 95. Control Bits Flags indicating TCP segment status. 96. Full-duplex protocol Allows simultaneous two-way communication. 97. Session termination Process to close an active TCP session. 7 / 13  Understanding the Transport Layer in Networking Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio5jq 98. Two-way handshake Method to end one-way TCP sessions. 99. Four exchanges Needed to terminate a single TCP conversation. 100. Client Initiating host in a communication session. 101. Server Receiving host in a communication session. 102. Active service Server ready to accept requests on a port. 103. Segment header Contains control bits and sequence numbers. 104. Push function (PSH) Requests immediate data processing by the receiv- er. 105. Reset connection Used to abort a connection due to errors. (RST) 106. Urgent pointer (URG) Indicates urgent data in the TCP segment. 107. Sequence numbers Used to track data segments in TCP. 108. Acknowledgment Confirms receipt of data in TCP. (ACK) 109. Connection termina- Process of closing a TCP connection. tion 110. Session closure Occurs after all segments are acknowledged. 111. Destination port num- Port used by the server for communication. ber 112. Communication ses- Established link for data exchange between hosts. sion 113. TCP 3-Way Handshake Process to establish a TCP connection. 114. Wireshark Tool for analyzing network traffic packets. 8 / 13  Understanding the Transport Layer in Networking Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio5jq 115. tcpdump Command-line packet analyzer tool. 116. TCP Segments Data packets transmitted over TCP connections. 117. Sequence Number Identifies the first byte of TCP segment. 118. Initial Sequence Num- Starting value for transmitted byte tracking. ber (ISN) 119. Data Reassembly Process of reconstructing original data from seg- ments. 120. Receiving Buffer Storage for incoming TCP segment data. 121. Out-of-Order Seg- Segments received not in sequence. ments 122. Expectational Ac- Indicates next expected byte from receiver. knowledgement 123. Acknowledgment Indicates next byte expected by receiver. Number (ACK) 124. Segment Loss Failure of segments to reach destination. 125. Retransmission Resending lost or unacknowledged TCP segments. 126. Congestion Network overload causing delays in data transmis- sion. 127. TCP Services Functions ensuring data delivery and integrity. 128. Data Loss Manage- Methods to handle lost TCP segments. ment 129. Duplicate Segments Resent segments that were already received. 9 / 13  Understanding the Transport Layer in Networking Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio5jq 130. Session Setup Initial phase of establishing a TCP connection. 131. Receiving Process Handles incoming segments and reorders them. 132. Segment Identification Tracking segments using sequence numbers. 133. TCP Header Contains sequence and acknowledgment num- bers. 134. Packet Analysis Examining data packets for troubleshooting. 135. Selective Acknowledg- TCP feature allowing acknowledgment of received ment (SACK) segments. 136. Three-Way Handshake Initial TCP connection setup process between hosts. 137. Data Loss Failure to receive transmitted data segments. 138. Retransmission Resending lost or unacknowledged data segments. 139. Flow Control Mechanism to manage data transmission rate. 140. Window Size Bytes allowed to be sent before acknowledgment. 141. Acknowledgment Next expected byte number in TCP transmission. Number 142. Sliding Windows Dynamic adjustment of send window based on ac- knowledgments. 143. Maximum Segment Largest data bytes in a single TCP segment. Size (MSS) 144. TCP Header Contains control information for TCP segments. 145. Buffer Availability Space available for incoming data at the destina- tion. 146. Destination Device Receiver of TCP segments in a session. 10 / 13  Understanding the Transport Layer in Networking Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio5jq 147. Source Device Sender of TCP segments in a session. 148. Discontinuous Seg- Non-sequential segments received by the receiver. ments 149. TCP Session Connection established for data transmission be- tween hosts. 150. Initial Window Size Agreed size during TCP session establishment. 151. Continuous Transmis- Ongoing data sending as acknowledgments are sion received. 152. Bytes Processed Data successfully received and handled by the des- tination. 153. TCP Segment Unit of data transmitted in TCP communications. 154. Acknowledgment Confirmation of received data segments. 155. Negotiated Features Options agreed upon during the three-way hand- shake. 156. Transmission Rate Ad- Modifying data flow based on receiver capacity. justment 157. TCP Options Field Part of TCP header specifying additional parame- ters. 158. Maximum Segment Largest data bytes a device can receive in TCP. Size (MSS) 159. Common MSS Value Typically 1,460 bytes for IPv4. 160. Ethernet MTU Maximum transmission unit, usually 1500 bytes. 161. IP Header Size Standard size of IPv4 header is 20 bytes. 162. Congestion Network overload causing packet loss. 11 / 13  Understanding the Transport Layer in Networking Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio5jq 163. Unacknowledged TCP segments not confirmed by the receiver. Packets 164. Retransmission Resending lost TCP segments due to congestion. 165. Congestion Control Mechanisms to manage and reduce network con- gestion. 166. Feedback Effect Retransmitted segments contributing to network congestion. 167. Acknowledgment Indicate the next expected byte from sender. Numbers 168. Port Scanning Reconnaissance attack method to discover open ports. 169. Nmap Utility Tool for network discovery and security auditing. 170. Transport Layer Links application layer to lower OSI layers. 171. TCP Characteristics Stateful, reliable, acknowledges and resends lost data. 172. UDP Characteristics Stateless, fast, no acknowledgments, processes data in order. 173. Port Numbers Identify source and destination applications in TCP/UDP. 174. Control Bits Flags Flags indicating TCP message functions: URG, ACK, PSH, RST, SYN, FIN. 175. Selective Acknowledg- TCP feature for acknowledging specific segments. ment (SACK) 176. Session Tracking Maintaining state of conversations in transport lay- er. 177. Data Reassembly 12 / 13  Understanding the Transport Layer in Networking Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio5jq Combining TCP segments into original message order. 178. Segmenting Data Dividing data into manageable segments for trans- mission. 13 / 13