UTS - Introduction to Self-Concept PDF

UTS - LESSON 1 TO 7 3. Aristotle LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO Concept of Self: The soul is the essence of SELF-CONCEPT self, unified with the body....

UTS - LESSON 1 TO 7 3. Aristotle LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO Concept of Self: The soul is the essence of SELF-CONCEPT self, unified with the body. Purpose of Life: Achieving happiness Self-Reflection Questions: through a virtuous and rational life. Purpose: Helps individuals understand their Famous Quote: "Happiness depends upon identity, values, strengths, and goals. ourselves." Example Questions: 4. St. Augustine What are my long-term and short-term Self and Faith: The self is deeply tied to goals? faith, and self-understanding is a path Who are the significant people in my life, toward God. and what impact do they have on me? Famous Quote: "I am doubting, therefore I am." Philosophical Perspectives On Self 5. René Descartes 1. Socrates Dualism: Separates mind (thinking) and Core Belief: Emphasized self-awareness body (perceiving). and understanding one’s values. Famous Quote: "Cogito, ergo sum" (I think, Famous Quote: "Know thyself." therefore I am). Concept: Believed that a life unexamined Concept: The mind’s ability to doubt and by reason is not worth living, highlighting question proves existence. the importance of introspection. 6. John Locke 2. Plato Tabula Rasa: The mind starts as a blank View on Self: The self is an immortal soul, slate and is shaped by experiences. divided into: Self and Identity: Self-awareness develops ○ Appetitive Soul: Driven by desires through sensory experiences and memory. and physical needs. ○ Spirited Soul: Associated with 7. David Hume courage and competitiveness. No Permanent Self: The self is a collection ○ Rational Soul: Governs logic and of impressions and sensations, constantly decision-making. changing. Famous Quote: "The soul takes nothing Concept: Self is fluid, shaped by ongoing with her to the next world but her experiences. education and culture." 8. Gilbert Ryle Stages of Development: Language (learning through symbols), Play Behavior-Based Self: Actions define (role-playing), and Games (structured identity rather than an inner mind. roles). Famous Quote: "I act, therefore I am." 3. Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura) 9. Paul Churchland Key Concepts: Self as the Brain: Consciousness and self-identity stem from the brain’s Observational Learning: Learning functions. behaviors through observing others. Reciprocal Determinism: Interplay 10. Maurice Merleau-Ponty between personal factors, behaviors, and Embodied Self: The self is deeply environment. connected to subjective, physical Self-Efficacy: Belief in one’s abilities, experiences. impacting motivation and self-esteem. 11. Immanuel Kant Transcendental Apperception: The self LESSON 3: ANTHROPOLOGICAL synthesizes experiences to form a PERSPECTIVES ON SELF cohesive identity. 1. Culture and Self-Concept Definition: Culture shapes beliefs, behaviors, and self-identity. LESSON 2: SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON SELF Elements of Culture: ○ Symbols: Objects or gestures that 1. Looking-Glass Self (Charles Horton Cooley) represent meanings (e.g., flag, language). Concept: Self-concept is shaped by how ○ Language: A system of we think others perceive us. communication using sounds or Process: Imagine appearance, interpret symbols. judgments, and respond emotionally to ○ Values: Beliefs that guide behavior perceived judgments. (e.g., respect, honesty). 2. Social Self (George Herbert Mead) ○ Norms: Shared rules that define acceptable behavior. I and Me Concept: Self is composed of "I" ○ Rituals: Repeated ceremonies or (spontaneous, active) and "Me" (socially actions with symbolic meaning. reflective). 2. Material and Non-material Culture LESSON 5: PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON SELF Material Culture: Physical objects representing cultural values (e.g., clothing, 1. Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory technology). Unconscious Mind: A reservoir of Non-material Culture: Beliefs, values, and thoughts, memories, and emotions outside norms that guide behavior. conscious awareness. 3. Enculturation Personality: Made up of the id (unconscious), ego (conscious), and Definition: The process of learning culture from a superego (moral framework). young age shapes behavior and identity. Life and Death Instincts: Life instincts (pleasure, survival) and death instincts (aggression, destruction) drive behavior. LESSON 4: WESTERN AND EASTERN PERSPECTIVE Personality Structure: Eastern Culture: Id: Unconscious drives for pleasure. Ego: Balances the Id and Superego More traditional and conservative (Asia, through reality. Middle East). Superego: Represents moral standards Emphasizes respect for elders and family. and ideals. Reserved in expressing emotions. 2. Defense Mechanisms Western Culture: Defense mechanisms are unconscious strategies More open-minded and individualistic used by the ego to manage conflicts between the (Europe, Americas, Australia). id and superego, protecting the individual from Direct in communication and emotional anxiety. Here’s a breakdown of each: expression. Repression Common religions: Christianity, Judaism, ○ Definition: Unconsciously pushing Islam. distressing thoughts out of awareness. ○ Example: Forgetting a traumatic childhood event but feeling uneasy in certain situations. Regression ○ Definition: Returning to behaviors of an earlier developmental stage when under stress.  ○ Example: An adult having a tantrum 3. Psychosexual Stages of Development or throwing objects when angry. Projection Oral Stage (0-1 years): Focus on oral ○ Definition: Attributing one’s own pleasure (sucking, biting). unacceptable feelings to others. ○ Example: An adult who smokes or ○ Example: Accusing a friend of chews pens may have unresolved being angry when, in fact, you are oral fixation. the one feeling anger. Anal Stage (1-3 years): Focus on control Rationalization and toilet training. ○ Definition: Justifying behaviors ○ Example: An overly tidy adult may with logical but false explanations. be fixated in this stage. ○ Example: Saying you failed a test Phallic Stage (3-6 years): Focus on because the questions were unfair, identification with same-sex parent. rather than admitting you didn’t ○ Example: Development of gender study. roles and awareness. Displacement Latency Stage (6-12 years): Dormant ○ Definition: Redirecting emotions to sexual feelings, focus on social skills. a safer outlet. Genital Stage (12+ years): Maturation of ○ Example: Yelling at a family sexual interests and relationships. member after a bad day at work 4. Carl Rogers' Humanistic Theory instead of confronting your boss. Sublimation Core Concepts: ○ Definition: Channeling unacceptable impulses into Self-Actualization: Fulfilling one’s potential. productive activities. Unconditional Positive Regard: ○ Example: Redirecting aggressive Acceptance fosters self-worth. impulses into sports or vigorous Congruence: Consistency between exercise. self-image and ideal self. Denial ○ Definition: Refusing to accept reality. LESSON 6: THE PHYSICAL SELF ○ Example: Refusing to acknowledge a medical diagnosis and acting as Physical Self: Refers to the body and its biological if nothing is wrong. characteristics, shaped by genetics (genotype, Reaction Formation phenotype) and environmental factors (family, ○ Definition: Acting in a way opposite culture, societal expectations). It includes how we to one’s true feelings. perceive and care for our physical appearance. ○ Example: Being overly friendly to someone you intensely dislike. Biological Influences: Heredity, genotype (genetic LESSON 7: SEXUAL SELF makeup), phenotype (observable traits), and Sex: Refers to biological characteristics (genitals, maturation influence physical development. chromosomes, hormones) that define someone as Environmental Influences: Social and cultural male or female, typically assigned at birth. factors, such as media portrayals of beauty and Gender: A social and cultural construct relating to societal standards, shape physical self-image roles, behaviors, and characteristics deemed and behavior, sometimes leading to unhealthy appropriate for males or females. It differs across practices. cultures and influences how people act and feel Self-Care: A multidimensional process of taking about themselves. conscious steps to improve physical, mental, and Gender Identity: A person’s internal sense of emotional health. It includes: being male, female, both, neither, or another Physical Self-Care: Managing health identity, independent of biological sex (e.g., through sleep, diet, exercise, and cisgender, transgender, non-binary). healthcare. Gender Expression: How a person expresses their Mental Self-Care: Reducing stress and gender identity through behavior, appearance, improving happiness through relaxation and mannerisms. and activities like reading or walking. Emotional Self-Care: Addressing Sexual Orientation: Who someone is sexually or emotional well-being by reflecting, romantically attracted to (e.g., gay, lesbian, journaling, or talking with friends. bisexual, pansexual, asexual). Importance of Self-Care: Improves mental health, Gender Pronouns: The pronouns a person reduces stress, boosts happiness, and promotes chooses to identify with (e.g., he, she, they). It's overall well-being. It has benefits like reducing respectful to ask someone about their preferred anxiety, improving relationships, and even pronouns. increasing lifespan. Benefits of Self-Care Health Impact: Reduces anxiety, improves resilience, boosts happiness, strengthens relationships, and increases energy.