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# Some Information That You Should Especially Be Familiar With **Heterotrophs** - are organisms that have to consume food (cannot make its own) * ex: dogs, birds, fish **Autotrophs** - are organisms that make their own food * ex: plants, algae, plankton, bacteria **Granum** - the collecti...

# Some Information That You Should Especially Be Familiar With **Heterotrophs** - are organisms that have to consume food (cannot make its own) * ex: dogs, birds, fish **Autotrophs** - are organisms that make their own food * ex: plants, algae, plankton, bacteria **Granum** - the collective term for the stack of thylakoids within the chloroplast of plant cells. **Thylakoid** - are chlorophyll sacs in chloroplasts. Suspended in the stroma are interconnected membranous sacs where light-dependent reactions take place. **Calvin Cycle** - is a light-dependent reaction that produces glucose. A sugar factory in chloroplasts that uses CO2 and ATP. **Lactic Acid Fermentation** - is when glucose is converted into lactic acid. It happens in human muscles when we run out of oxygen. **Cellular Respiration** - is when glucose and oxygen turns into Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. * aerobic - requires oxygen * ex: plants, mosses, insects, mammals, some algae, and bacteria * anaerobic - does not require oxygen * In this case, lactic acid fermentation **Photosynthesis** - is when plants turn carbon dioxide, sunlight, and water into glucose and oxygen which food and energy. * Chloroplast - light-absorbing organelles. The site of photosynthesis and found mostly in the interior of leaves. * ex: Cactus **Glycolysis** - the first step of cellular respiration where a molecule of glucose is split into two molecules of a compound called pyruvic acid. **Krebs cycle (Citric acid cycle)** - completes the breakdown of glucose. The enzymes for the Krebs cycle are dissolved in the fluid within the mitochondria. **Alcohol Fermentation** - is a biological process which converts sugars like glucose, fructose, and sucrose into cellular energy, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide as by-products. **You Should Know:** 1. What are electron carriers, and where do we find them in cellular respiration and how do they transport electrons?