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# Brain Structures and Functions The text describes different parts of the brain and their functions. It seems to be a study guide or notes on the brain. ## The Descending and Ascending Pathways **Note:** The text mentions "ascending" and "descending", but doesn't describe the pathways in detail...

# Brain Structures and Functions The text describes different parts of the brain and their functions. It seems to be a study guide or notes on the brain. ## The Descending and Ascending Pathways **Note:** The text mentions "ascending" and "descending", but doesn't describe the pathways in detail. ## Brain Structures and Functions **2. Hypothalamus** * Has a projection called infundibulum that passes through the pituitary gland, affecting pituitary gland control. * Center for sleep and wakefulness * Center for controlling water intake and loss (thirst, urination). * Center for appetite * Regulates body temperature by diverting blood to the skin. **3. Midbrain** * Helps to keep the body upright. * Makes the body assume an upright position. **4. Pons** * Consists of two sets of nerve fibers: * Projection fibers. * Commissural (or horizontal) fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. * Regulates breathing, allowing it to happen smoothly and effortlessly. **5. Medulla Oblongata** * The lowest part of the brainstem. * Passes directly to the spinal cord. * Center for essential life functions like breathing. ## Cerebellum * Located beneath and behind the cerebrum, separated by the transverse fissure. * Composed of two lobes connected by commissural fibers of the pons. * Highly folded (convoluted). * Coordinates voluntary muscles. * **Benefits:** 1. Makes responses accurate. 2. Allows the body to adopt postures like sitting and standing. **Note:** There are some unclear words (" Highly convulble ?") that might be typos or missing information in the original document.