The Human Organization PDF

The Human organization 1 The human body starts as a single cell human zygote, after The fusion of the sperm and the oocyte at fertilization. As this fertilized egg divides, it gives trillions of cells....

The Human organization 1 The human body starts as a single cell human zygote, after The fusion of the sperm and the oocyte at fertilization. As this fertilized egg divides, it gives trillions of cells. 2 Human is multicellular organism with many cells have specific structures &functions  An expert in biology Biologists study biology, study organisms. Classify to multiple levels of biological organization From simple to complex to helps in understanding different components of an ecosystem From Atom biomolecules and cells to organisms to populations to ecosystem and biosphere. 3  Chemical level Biological level -4System level Organism The Whole Body -3Organ level -1Cellular level -2Tissue level Major Levels of structural organization in the organisim e.g.human body Chemical level formed of atoms, molecules, macromolecules, 4 Biological level formed of cells , tissues organs and systems, organism  Biological Levels of Organization Cells: the smallest basic structural & functional unit of all living organism Tissue: group of cells of similar (same size & shape) structure & embryonic origin that perform a same common function Organs: group of different tissue to perform a particular function Systems: group of various organs collected to perform a specific function, like the urinary system. Organism: is an individual/living-being made up of organ system that work together to perform different life functions. 5 We humans are one Based on structural and functional similarities of the body tissues grouped into 6 four main types of human tissues Epithelial: covers the outside of the body. Lines organs and body cavities. Also it forms certain glands. Connective: connect & binds the cells and organs of the body together. Muscular: contraction, helps to move. Nervous: transmits electrical signals (impulses) 7  Epithelial tissue 1. Epithelial tissue (epithelium): is tightly packed sheets of cells  Membranous(Surface)Epithelium: make membranes covering external body surfaces and lines internal body cavities and organs.  Glandular epithelium :Group of cells forms certain glands 8 Basic Functions: Protection, Secretion, Filtration, Absorption, Excretion Epith. name based to 3 criteria 1 Number of layers: Simple: made up of one layer only Stratified : more than one layer Pseudostratified: False layered (appears to be more than one layer, but only one);nucleus different level -2Shape of cells in upper layer Squamous: Flat Cell & Flat Nucleus Cuboidal :Cube Cell & Round N. Columnar:Rectangular Cell, Oval N Transitional: Ability Change shape -3If there any Cilia, keratin modification 9 Type /Name of epithelium Location Functions 10  Connective tissue cells Connective tissue is Most abundant & Widely distributed basic type of tissue which connect and bind structures together, fill up spaces, provide support & provide storage for nutrient, fats, Calcium …etc It is Made up of living cells separated from one another by large amount of non-living extracellular matrix The cells of connective tissue many types include: fibroblast, plasma cells, adipocytes, macrophages, mast cells and leukocytes. 11 the connective tissue matrix =ground substance + fibres There 3 types of fibers that provide support for the Connective Tissue (C.T) Collagen fibers white, made of the collagen protein , are thickest and strongest found in tendon, ligaments, bone, and cartilage. Elastic fibers Yellow , made of the elastin protein, are thinner and stretchable (recoil) Found in skin, blood vessels, and lungs.. Reticular fibers, made of collagen type III, thin, delicate fibers, highly branched form a netlike (reticulate) Found in bone marrow, liver, lymphoid organs, 12 Several types of connective tissues according To Matrix Components amount, type and arrangements 13  Loose C.T: Dense C.T: Loose C.T Dense C.T appear pink color appear white in color as empty space -contains densely packed collagen fibers -contains less fibers & weakly arranged Found in According To Fibers Orientation Found in : every empty space in body Dense Irregular Connective Tissue skin under epithelial tissues, around organs Dense regular Connective Tissue e.g. lungs & bladder, over muscle, nerves Ligaments and Tendons & blood vessels *provide resistance & protection *provide supports and protective 14  Dense Connective Tissue Dense irregular Dense regular CT Found in; Found in; skin dermis layer Ligaments bones together at joints. Tendons connect muscle to bone 15 Specialised forms of connective tissue made up of cells embedded in matrix. the nature of the matrix that defines the properties of these connective tissues *Firm(Rubbery)--Cartilage *Hard(Solid)--Bone *Fluid (liquid)---blood 16 It is a specialized type of C.T. consists of cells (Chondrocytes) located in cavity called Lacunae, embedded in hydrated gel like (Matrix) Cartilage matrix: rubbery, firm and flexible To allow tissue Stand mechanical stress, Lower friction surface in joints, Resist compression & Support body structure since it form a structural 17 part of various organs like the ear and nose. Hyaline cartilage: shiny, glassy appearance Commonest Simple One More thin collagen fibers II. Found in fetal skeleton, nose Trachea, ends of bones, & ribs Elastic cartilage: Yellow More flexible More elastic fibers, Found in structure needed recoil External ear, Eustachian tube, Epiglottis Fibrocartilage :White Toughest & Strongest More strong collagen I fiber Found in structure needed withstand tension & pressure between vertebrae & knee joints 18 BONE TISSUE (f) Bone Central canal Matrix Osteocytes  Specialized CT ; part of skeleton  Consists of Bone Cells osteocytes present in lacuna in hard calcified matrix  The bones are the frame of the body. for support for protection of many internal organs  Hemopoiesis formation of red blood cells , Storage many minerals and nutrients act as body Calcium reservoir, help in Movement by muscle connect to bone,  Cells arranged in circles around tiny tubes called Haversian canals. 19 BONE  The adult human bones: two types of bone tissues  Compact (Cortical) bone: the outer hard dense tissue no cavities, the cylindrical part of long bone about 80% of the bone mass Spongy (Cancellous) bone: the inner sponge-like structure cavities inside bones About 20% of bone mass  Flat Spongy bone filled with RED marrow which produces blood cells (hemopoietic)  Long Compact bone filled with YELLOW marrow which is a fat-storage tissue in compact bone Bone marrow in newborn is red marrow and in adults change to yellow marrow 20 BLOOD TISSUE Specialized Connective Tissues 21  BLOOD Special connective tissue in which the cells of blood (red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets) separated by a liquid matrix called plasma. Functions: include transport, carrying oxygen, nutrients & wastes; fighting infection, immunity, and heat regulation 22  MUSCLE TISSUE Long, thin cylindrical cells called muscle fibers Two contractile proteins – actin and myosin – interact to cause contraction of muscle fibers 3types of muscle tissue Skeletal m.– (voluntary control)  attached to bones Striated, Cylindrical-shape, Multinucleated Smooth m. –(involuntary control)  found in internal organs & blood vessels Non striated, Spindle-shaped, Single nucleated Cardiac m. –(involuntary, rhythmic)  Heart Striated, Branched cells , Single nucleated 23 24  NERVOUS TISSUE Nervous tissue one of the four basic types of tissue It is Specialized tissue that forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves It conduct electrical impulse & chemical messages from body part to other by special cells called NEURONS (Functional unit of Nervous system) Nervous tissue consists of Two main Cell Types 1 Neuron(nerve cell):Conducting cell about 100 billions 2 Neuroglia (glial cell): Non-conducting supporting cells. About 10-50 times more It surround Neurons help to support, protect, and nourish them 25  Neuron/ Nerve cell Neuroglia/ Glial cell Conducting cells Non-conducting supporting cells The brain is made up of about 100 billions About 10 to 50 times more than of neurons are present in nervous system. neuron. It Surround the neurons conduct signals & transmit impulses from supporting cells help to support, one region of the body to another. protect, and nourish Neurons Neurons vary in shape and size, Neuroglial Cells differ in shape & size All neurons contains three principle parts- Neuroglial Cells of CNS: 4 cell body, dendrites and an axon Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes, Ependymal & Microglial Neuroglial Cells Of PNS: 2 Schwann cells & Satellite cells 26 27  NERVOUS TISSUE Neurons vary in shape and size, but All neurons contains three principle parts: Cell Body, Dendrites & An Axon 1 Cell Body: contains cytoplasm and nucleus. 2 An Axon: conducts impulses away from cell body. 3 Several Dendrites: conduct impulses to the cell body. Axons and dendrites are nerve fibers. Bundles of nerve fibers are called nerves. 28 Different tissues, made Different organs made and Different systems All to Balance human body 29 30