DP IB ESS SL: 1.1 Perspectives | Save My Exams PDF

DP IB Environmental Systems Your notes & Societies (ESS): SL 1.1 Perspectives Contents Factors Influencing Perspectives Values & Environmental Perspectives Worldviews & Environmental Perspectives The Environmental Movement...

DP IB Environmental Systems Your notes & Societies (ESS): SL 1.1 Perspectives Contents Factors Influencing Perspectives Values & Environmental Perspectives Worldviews & Environmental Perspectives The Environmental Movement © 2025 Save My Exams, Ltd. Get more and ace your exams at savemyexams.com 1  Factors Influencing Perspectives Your notes Understanding Perspectives What is a perspective? A perspective is how an individual sees and understands a particular situation Perspectives are formed based on individual assumptions, values and beliefs They are shaped by a combination of personal experiences, cultural background and societal influences For example, perspectives are often informed and justified by various factors including: Sociocultural norms Scientific understandings Laws Religion Economic conditions Local and global events Lived experience (i.e. events someone has personally experienced during their lives) Perspectives are not fixed and can evolve over time as individuals gain new experiences and insights Influence of perspectives Perspectives vary widely among individuals and groups, leading to diverse views on environmental and social issues For example, perspectives on climate change may differ based on factors such as education, political beliefs, cultural background or geographical location Perspectives influence people's choices and actions For example, someone with an environmentalist perspective might prioritise sustainability in their lifestyle choices, even if this is more financially costly to them, while others may prioritise economic considerations (i.e. they may choose things that are less expensive but also less environmentally friendly) Perspectives shape how individuals interpret information and events For example, someone with a pessimistic perspective might view an environmental issue as evidence of inevitable wider ecological collapse, whereas an optimist might see it as a temporary challenge to overcome and find solutions to Environmental perspectives © 2025 Save My Exams, Ltd. Get more and ace your exams at savemyexams.com 2  Different perspectives on environmental issues can lead to contrasting approaches to conservation and resource management Your notes For example, those with a more human-based perspective may prioritise human interests and well-being in environmental decision-making This perspective might support conservation measures that benefit humans directly, such as clean water initiatives In contrast, those with an environmentalist perspective may place great value on the intrinsic worth of nature and ecosystems Supporters of this perspective may prioritise biodiversity conservation and ecosystem health, even if it does not directly benefit humans Social perspectives Social perspectives shape attitudes and responses to social issues such as poverty, inequality and justice For example, a collectivist perspective may prioritise the well-being of the community over individual rights Policies based on this perspective might focus on social welfare programs and taxes In contrast, an individualistic perspective emphasises personal responsibility and freedom of choice Policies based on this perspective might involve promoting entrepreneurship and reducing government intervention Distinction between perspectives and arguments It is important to note that a perspective is not the same as an argument Arguments are constructs used to support or challenge a particular perspective They are logical or reasoned explanations presented to persuade other people of the validity of a perspective (i.e. that a particular viewpoint is credible and true) Arguments can be constructed to defend a personally held perspective or to criticise and counter an opposing viewpoint For example, someone who is advocating for stricter environmental regulations might present arguments based on scientific evidence to support their perspective On the other hand, someone opposing these regulations might present counterarguments based on economic concerns or individual freedoms Examiner Tips and Tricks © 2025 Save My Exams, Ltd. Get more and ace your exams at savemyexams.com 3 Remember—perspectives are highly subjective and can vary widely based on someone's individual experiences and beliefs. Your notes © 2025 Save My Exams, Ltd. Get more and ace your exams at savemyexams.com 4  Values & Environmental Perspectives Your notes Understanding Values What are values? Values are qualities or principles that people believe have worth and importance in life They guide our behaviours, attitudes and decisions Examples include honesty, integrity, fairness and compassion Influence of values Values affect people’s priorities, judgements, perspectives and choices They are deeply personal, but a variety of cultural and social factors also play a role. For example, in some cultures, respect for elders is highly valued, shaping how individuals interact within society In line with the principles of sustainability and conservation, movements like Greta Thunberg's Fridays for the Future call for immediate action on climate change Values in community Within our communities, we share and shape our values They are reflected in how we communicate and interact with others, both within our own community and with external communities For example, a community that values environmental sustainability may organise clean-up events or support green policies Values in organisations Organisations also have values, which can be seen in their communication and actions These values are often expressed through advertisements, social media, policies and organisational decisions For example, a company that values diversity and inclusion may have policies supporting equal opportunities and representation in their workforce Companies like Patagonia demonstrate values of environmental stewardship through initiatives like donating a portion of profits to environmental causes Tensions from different values Different values often lead to tensions between individuals or between organisations Conflicts can happen when important values clash, like when some people want to freely express themselves but others want to be respectful of different cultures In multicultural societies, navigating these tensions requires understanding and respecting diverse values © 2025 Save My Exams, Ltd. Get more and ace your exams at savemyexams.com 5 Value Surveys Understanding perspectives on environmental issues Your notes Values surveys investigate the perspectives of social groups towards various environmental issues They help us understand how environmental concerns are viewed and prioritised by individuals or communities For example, a survey could explore attitudes towards renewable energy adoption, waste reduction, or conservation efforts Another survey could ask about attitudes towards using public transportation to reduce carbon emissions Effective design of value surveys A well-designed environmental value survey is able to: Take different viewpoints into account Look at the whole range of opinions within a group about environmental matters The results of an effective survey should be able to: Give insights into attitudes, beliefs and values that influence how people view and respond to local and global environmental challenges Implementation of surveys Surveys, questionnaires, or interviews can be used to gather data on environmental attitudes Using online survey tools can be very useful for: Collecting data from a wider audience Collecting a greater volume of data Collecting data in a shorter amount of time Efficient analysis of data Closed-ended questions are good for quantitative analysis (i.e. they provide structured data that can be easily quantified and analysed statistically) Closed-ended questions are those that provide respondents with a fixed set of options to choose from Examples include multiple-choice questions, rating scales and Likert scale items For example, in a survey about environmental attitudes, closed-ended questions could include: Which of the following renewable energy sources do you believe is most effective in reducing carbon emissions? (a) Solar (b) Wind (c) Hydroelectric (d) Geothermal © 2025 Save My Exams, Ltd. Get more and ace your exams at savemyexams.com 6  Indicate the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement: "Using public transportation is an effective way to reduce air pollution". Strongly agree, Agree, Neutral, Disagree, Strongly disagree Your notes On a scale of 1 to 5, with 5 being very likely, how likely are you to recycle paper products? Responses to these questions can be easily quantified (given a value or score) This allows statistical analysis to be used on the data This helps identify trends, correlations and patterns in attitudes towards specific environmental issues For example, there is an environmental education campaign designed to increase recycling rates It is important to measure the effectiveness of this campaign A survey can be used to collect quantitative data on attitudes towards recycling This can then be correlated with data on actual actual recycling rates Surveys or interviews can also include open-ended questions to help capture more detailed responses These types of response are more difficult to analyse However, they can still be valuable for gaining deeper insights into individual viewpoints Behaviour-time graphs If value surveys are repeated over time, the results can be used to produce behaviour- time graphs Behaviour-time graphs show changes in behaviours or lifestyles over time They help to visualise trends, patterns and shifts in behaviour related to environmental actions Behaviour-time graphs can track changes in daily habits over a set period of time, such as: Energy consumption Waste generation Transportation choices For example, a graph could illustrate a decrease in household electricity usage over several months This could be due to energy-saving measures like installing LED lights or adjusting thermostat settings These graphs can also illustrate changes in environmental behaviours, such as: Recycling rates © 2025 Save My Exams, Ltd. Get more and ace your exams at savemyexams.com 7  Composting practices Water conservation efforts Your notes Behaviour-time graphs can be valuable tools for: Monitoring progress towards sustainability goals Evaluating the effectiveness of environmental initiatives They can help to: Visualise the impact of interventions Identify areas for further improvement An example of a behaviour-time graph showing the number of whales killed between 1900 and 1999 © 2025 Save My Exams, Ltd. Get more and ace your exams at savemyexams.com 8  Your notes Another example of a behaviour-time graph showing the number of tourists visiting Antarctica between 1992 and 2020 Examiner Tips and Tricks It is important to consider the diversity of perspectives within a social group when designing value surveys and analysing the results. You cannot assume that everyone will have had the same experiences or facing the same challenges. This means their views may be very different, even if they are from the same group or community. © 2025 Save My Exams, Ltd. Get more and ace your exams at savemyexams.com 9  Worldviews & Environmental Perspectives Your notes Understanding Worldviews What are worldviews? Worldviews can be described as the lenses through which groups of people to see and understand the world around them (it is just their "view of the world") They are made up of cultural beliefs, philosophical ideas, political opinions, religious teachings and many other factors For example, in some cultures, the idea of family and community is highly valued, while in others, individual achievement and success are prioritised Worldviews shape how people think, what they believe and how they behave They influence our moral compass, our judgments and our decisions For example, a person who grew up in a religious household may have different views on topics like abortion or marriage compared to someone who didn't How do worldviews differ from perspectives? Worldviews generally encompass a broader and deeper set of beliefs, values and ideologies that shape how individuals or groups perceive and interpret the world around them, whereas perspectives are usually more specific and immediate viewpoints or attitudes individuals hold on particular issues or topics Perspectives are often more situational and may be more likely to change based on circumstances or new information Impact of technology and media With the rise of the internet and social media, people are exposed to a wide range of worldviews beyond their local community For example, a teenager from one part of the globe can quickly learn about different world cultures, religions, and political ideologies just by scrolling through their social media feed Attempts to categorise different perspectives into groups can be challenging because individuals often have a complex mix of beliefs and opinions For example, a person might identify as liberal on social issues but be more conservative on economic policies Examiner Tips and Tricks Remember that worldviews are diverse and complex, and individuals may hold a variety of beliefs that don't fit neatly into categories. © 2025 Save My Exams, Ltd. Get more and ace your exams at savemyexams.com 10  You should be able to use real-world examples to illustrate different worldviews and their impact on society. Whilst studying the ESS course, make a note of any case studies or examples you come across that could be used to demonstrate certain Your notes worldviews. Environmental Value Systems An environmental value system (EVS) is the way that an individual, or any group of people, perceives the environment and the resources it provides them with That includes you - your environmental value system determines the way that you perceive and evaluate environmental issues, as well as the course of action you might decide to take regarding these issues A person’s or group’s environmental value system is shaped and influenced by a variety of factors, including cultural, religious, social, political, economic and environmental factors These factors act as flows of information into individuals within societies Individuals then process and transform this information into their perception of the environment and how to act on environmental matters EVS inputs and outputs An environmental value system is considered as a system because it is determined by a set of inputs (i.e. the factors described above) and generates a set of outputs (in the form of the person’s or group’s perceptions, evaluations, decisions and actions) Like any system, an environmental value system (EVS) has a set of inputs and a set of outputs © 2025 Save My Exams, Ltd. Get more and ace your exams at savemyexams.com 11 Environmental value system categories Although there is a very wide spectrum of environmental value systems, environmental Your notes perspectives or worldviews can be broadly divided into three categories. These are: Ecocentric environmental value systems (ecocentrism) Anthropocentric environmental value systems (anthropocentrism) Technocentric environmental value systems (technocentrism) There is a very broad range of environmental value systems held by people and groups around the world—on a basic level these EVSs usually fall into one of three main categories Ecocentrism Ecocentrism is a philosophical and ethical approach that prioritises the intrinsic value of nature and the environment over human needs and interests © 2025 Save My Exams, Ltd. Get more and ace your exams at savemyexams.com 12  This approach emphasises that all living organisms and ecosystems have inherent worth and should be protected for their own sake Your notes Ecocentrism advocates for sustainable practices that maintain the balance and integrity of ecosystems and the natural world, rather than exploiting them for human benefit This approach is often associated with environmental movements and conservation efforts that aim to protect biodiversity, ecosystems and natural resources Anthropocentrism Anthropocentrism is a worldview that places human beings at the centre of the universe, prioritising human needs and interests over those of other living beings and the environment This approach emphasises that humans have the right to use natural resources and ecosystems for their own benefit Although an anthropocentric viewpoint would ideally involve sustainable managing global systems, in reality, anthropocentrism often results in unsustainable practices such as overexploitation of natural resources, habitat destruction, and pollution This approach only values preserving biodiversity when it can provide economic and ecological advantages to humans This approach is often criticised by environmentalists and conservationists for ignoring the intrinsic value of nature and its ecosystems Technocentrism Technocentrism is a worldview that places technology and human ingenuity at the centre of all problem-solving and decision-making processes, often overlooking the impact on the environment and other living beings This approach emphasises the use of technology to overcome environmental problems and maintain human well-being Technocentrism often assumes that all environmental problems can be solved through technological innovation and economic growth, which may lead to neglect of the need for conservation and sustainability This approach is often criticised by environmentalists for being short-sighted and ignoring the complex and interconnected nature of environmental issues Strengths and Limitations of Contrasting EVSs EVS Advantages Disadvantages Ecocentrism Reuses materials so more Conservation can be expensive with no sustainable obvious or quick economic return Minimises environmental Many countries are still developing impact by encouraging economically and argue they should be restraint allowed to continue © 2025 Save My Exams, Ltd. Get more and ace your exams at savemyexams.com 13  Better for long-term human Difficult to change individual attitudes wellbeing Your notes No need to wait for technology to develop Technocentrism Substitutes materials so Allows even greater rates of resource avoids costly industrial consumption change May give rise to further environmental Provides solutions so problems people are not inconvenienced High cost Allows social and economic Humans increasingly disconnected progress from nature Case Study Plastic pollution in the oceans Plastic pollution in the oceans is a major environmental problem. Humans might use an ecocentric approach or a technocentric approach to try and solve this problem. Plastic pollution and juvenile fish—Indonesia (Photo by Naja Bertolt Jensen on Unsplash) Ecocentric approach: © 2025 Save My Exams, Ltd. Get more and ace your exams at savemyexams.com 14 The ecocentric approach prioritises the preservation of natural ecosystems and biodiversity. In the context of plastic pollution, an ecocentric approach would focus on reducing the amount of plastic waste that enters the oceans in the first place. Your notes This could involve reducing the production and use of single-use plastic items, implementing stricter regulations and enforcement to prevent illegal dumping of plastic waste into the oceans and promoting sustainable alternatives to plastic products. Additionally, an ecocentric approach would prioritise the restoration and protection of marine ecosystems that have been impacted by plastic pollution, such as coral reefs and sea turtle nesting habitats. Technocentric approach: The technocentric approach relies on technological solutions to environmental problems. In the context of plastic pollution, a technocentric approach would focus on developing new technologies to clean up plastic waste from the oceans and prevent further pollution. This could involve the use of advanced filtration systems or autonomous robots to remove plastic waste from the oceans, as well as the development of biodegradable plastics that break down more quickly in marine environments. Conclusion: Overall, the ecocentric approach emphasises the need for systemic change (fundamental changes in human behaviour and resource use) in order to reduce the amount of plastic waste entering the oceans and preserve marine ecosystems, while the technocentric approach focuses on developing new technologies to address the problem (allowing current rates of plastic use to continue). © 2025 Save My Exams, Ltd. Get more and ace your exams at savemyexams.com 15  The Environmental Movement Your notes Dynamics of Environmental Perspectives Environmental perspectives (and the beliefs they are built on) shift and change over time in all societies Although many different factors can cause these changes in perspectives, they are often influenced by government or non-governmental organisations (NGOs) campaigns or through social and demographic changes For example, in the 1970s (and as early as the 1950s), there was a significant rise in environmental awareness due to campaigns against pollution Government initiatives like the Clean Air Act in the UK (1956) and the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the US (1970) played important roles in highlighting pollution issues NGOs like Greenpeace (1971) and Friends of the Earth (1969) also spearheaded campaigns, raising public awareness about the detrimental effects of pollution on health and the environment Interpretation of behaviour-time graphs Behaviour-time graphs illustrate how specific behaviours change over time For example, a behaviour-time graph tracking smoking rates might show a decline over decades due to anti-smoking campaigns and general increased health awareness The "Stoptober" campaign in the UK encourages smokers to quit during October, resulting in noticeable dips in smoking rates during those periods Other examples of using behaviour-time graphs include: Littering tendencies Water usage Recycling rates Use of renewable energy sources Use of public transport Consumption of meat Shifts from traditional indigenous lifestyles to modern ones For example, Indigenous groups are increasingly adopting Western clothing and technologies due to globalisation This transition can be seen in long-term studies that show changes in clothing styles, housing structures, personal belongings and food consumption patterns over time © 2025 Save My Exams, Ltd. Get more and ace your exams at savemyexams.com 16  Your notes Examiner Tips and Tricks You should familiarise yourself with interpreting behaviour-time graphs to identify trends and perspective shifts over time. Pay attention to the axes, labels, and units to understand the scale and significance of the changes shown. The Development of the Environmental Movement The environmental movement is the term used to describe humanity’s increasing awareness of the damage we are causing to the environment and the importance of conserving the environmental health of our planet The movement includes a diverse range of individuals, organisations and initiatives united by a common goal: to address urgent environmental challenges such as climate change, pollution, habitat destruction and species extinction The movement promotes sustainable development, responsible resource management, conservation of biodiversity and the transition to cleaner, renewable energy sources This can be achieved by implementing changes in public policy and encouraging changes in our individual behaviours Through education, advocacy, activism and policy-making, the environmental movement aims to create a more sustainable and resilient future for both humanity and the natural world Various different factors, including people, books, films and historical events, have been key in the development of the environmental movement These events and influences have come from many different areas, including: Individuals and environmental activists Literature Media Major environmental disasters International conferences and agreements New technologies Scientific discoveries Individuals and Environmental Activists Individual Field Description Effect on Environmental Movement © 2025 Save My Exams, Ltd. Get more and ace your exams at savemyexams.com 17 Wangarĩ Conservation Founded the Green Belt Mobilised grassroots Maathai Movement, advocating activism and promoted Your notes for tree planting, environmental conservation, and conservation on a local women's rights and global scale Greta Climate action Led global youth Inspired millions Thunberg strikes for climate worldwide to join climate action, raising activism, urging awareness and policymakers to take challenging political urgent climate action leaders Vandana Shiva Environmentalism Advocated for Raised awareness of the sustainable agriculture impacts of industrial and biodiversity agriculture and promoted conservation, sustainable, questioning corporate community-based dominance alternatives David Conservation Renowned naturalist Educated and inspired Attenborough and broadcaster, audiences worldwide, raising awareness of fostering greater environmental issues appreciation and through documentaries concern for the natural world Jane Goodall Primatology Pioneering Advancing our primatologist, understanding of animal advocating for wildlife behaviour and conservation and conservation, ethical treatment of empowering individuals animals to protect biodiversity and habitats Literature Author Year Work Description Effect on Environmental Movement Aldo Leopold 1949 A Sand Advocated for a land Influential in shaping County ethic, promoting modern conservation Almanac conservation and ethics and inspiring stewardship of the environmental activism natural world © 2025 Save My Exams, Ltd. Get more and ace your exams at savemyexams.com 18 Rachel Carson 1962 Silent Outlined the harmful Led to widespread Spring effects of the pesticide concern about the Your notes DDT passing along food dangers of pesticide chains to top predators use and increased awareness of environmental pollution Donella 1972 The Limits A report, commissioned Increased awareness of Meadows, to by the Club of Rome (a the dangers of Dennis Growth global think tank), unsustainable natural Meadows, (LTG) outlining the effects of a resource use (best- Jørgen rapidly increasing global selling environmental Randers, population on Earth’s publication in history) William W. finite natural resources Behrens III James 1979 Gaia The first book to suggest Showed how humanity Lovelock that Earth is like a ‘living has the power to upset organism’ (a self- the delicate balance of regulatory system that the Earth’s self- maintains its climate and regulating processes, biology) with potentially deadly consequences Edward Abbey 1975 The Novel about eco- Influenced Monkey sabotage and resistance environmental activism Wrench against environmental by promoting radical Gang destruction, inspiring tactics and raising direct action awareness of conservation issues Donella 1992 Beyond Follow-up to "The Limits Contributed to Meadows the Limits to Growth", exploring discussions on strategies for achieving sustainability and sustainable influenced policy- development making towards more eco-friendly practices Media Media Year Description Effect on Environmental Movement © 2025 Save My Exams, Ltd. Get more and ace your exams at savemyexams.com 19 An 2006 A documentary film of former US The film got extensive Inconvenient Vice President Al Gore giving a publicity, reaching a huge Your notes Truth lecture on climate change and its worldwide audience and consequences triggering a major shift in public opinion in the USA No Impact 2009 Documentary film following a Raised awareness about Man family's attempt to live a zero- individual carbon footprints waste lifestyle in New York City and the potential for sustainable living in urban environments Before the 2016 Documentary featuring Leonardo Raised awareness of climate Flood DiCaprio exploring climate change issues and change impacts and solutions advocated for renewable energy and conservation efforts Our Planet 2019 Netflix documentary series Raised awareness of showcasing Earth's natural beauty environmental conservation and the impact of human activity and the need to protect ecosystems and biodiversity Breaking 2021 Netflix documentary on how Highlighted pressing Boundaries humans are pushing Earth beyond environmental issues and the boundaries that have kept the the importance of global planet stable for the last 10 000 cooperation for sustainable years, narrated by David solutions Attenborough Major Environmental Disasters Event Year Description Effect on Environmental Movement Minamata 1956 Chemical factories released Raised awareness of the risks of disease in toxic methyl mercury into waste industrialisation and the need Minamata, water— mercury for environmental regulations Japan accumulation in fish and and checks to be imposed on shellfish caused mercury industries poisoning in local people, with severe symptoms (neurological disorders, paralysis, death, or birth defects in newborns) Industrial 1984 Explosion at a pesticide plant— Highlighted industrial risks and accident in released 42 tonnes of toxic lack of safety measures, driving © 2025 Save My Exams, Ltd. Get more and ace your exams at savemyexams.com 20 Bhopal, India methyl isocyanate gas, killing 10 demands for stricter 000 people in the first 72 hours regulations and corporate and 25 000 in total accountability Your notes Chernobyl 1986 Nuclear reactor exploded— Reinforced society’s fear and nuclear radioactive fallout covered negative perceptions meltdown, large areas of Ukraine, Belarus surrounding nuclear power, Soviet and Russia—336 000 people strengthening calls for safer Ukraine had to be evacuated and cancer energy alternatives and stricter incidence increased in regulations on nuclear facilities surrounding area Fukushima 2011 Earthquake-generated tsunami Intensified global concerns nuclear hit nuclear power station and about nuclear safety and meltdown, caused a meltdown in three of encouraged shifts towards Japan the six reactors—110 000 renewable energy sources— people evacuated however, Japan temporarily halted all nuclear power to carry out new safety checks, leading to increased dependence on fossil fuels International Conferences and Agreements Event Year Description Effect on Environmental Movement Stockholm 1972 The first major United Nations Influential in setting Declaration (UN) conference on environmental targets and international environmental shaping action at the local and issues, held in Stockholm, led to international level this Declaration Rio Earth 1992 UN Conference on Environment Had a global impact—led to the Summit and Development, attended by adoption of ‘Agenda 21’ (a 172 nations—outlined that comprehensive action plan to radical changes in attitudes ensure sustainable towards the environment development) by over 178 needed to limit the damage to parties the planet Kyoto 1997 An international treaty building 192 parties committed to Protocol on the UN Framework reducing their emissions of Convention on Climate Change greenhouse gases such as (UNFCCC) that committed carbon dioxide and methane state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions © 2025 Save My Exams, Ltd. Get more and ace your exams at savemyexams.com 21 Rio+20 2012 UN Conference on Sustainable Helped to assess progress on Development, marking the 20th various internationally agreed Your notes anniversary of the Rio Earth targets (e.g. reduction of Summit - aimed to secure greenhouse gas emissions) and further political commitment identify emerging from nations to sustainable environmental challenges development Paris 2015 An international treaty agreed 50% cut in greenhouse gas Agreement by 195 parties at COP21 - aimed emissions needed by 2030— to hold the increase in global every country (including average temperature to below developing countries) agreed to 2 °C above pre-industrial set targets and regularly report levels on their progress Glasgow 2021 At COP26, an international First climate deal to explicitly Climate Pact agreement between 197 commit to reducing coal use—a countries was reached, which late intervention from China and reaffirmed the Paris India weakened the pact's Agreement's global wording to "phasing down" coal temperature goal (rather than phasing it out) COP27 2022 The 27th United Nations Climate Led to the creation of the first Change conference, held in loss-and-damage fund and Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt addressed measures to limit global temperature rise COP28 2023 The 28th United Nations Climate The final agreement made at Change conference, held in this conference commits Expo City, Dubai, UAE signatory countries to move away from carbon energy sources to mitigate climate change effects New Technologies Development Description Effect on Environmental Movement Green Agricultural advancements increasing crop Improved food security Revolution yields in the mid-20th century, addressing and reduced pressure on food scarcity natural habitats, but also raised concerns about the environmental impacts of intensive farming practices © 2025 Save My Exams, Ltd. Get more and ace your exams at savemyexams.com 22 Enteric Methods to decrease methane emissions Reduces greenhouse gas fermentation from livestock, reducing agriculture's (methane) emissions from Your notes control environmental footprint—strategies may agriculture, mitigating the include dietary adjustments, such as environmental impact of altering feed composition to improve livestock and lowering digestion efficiency and reduce methane climate change impacts production, or supplementing diets with compounds that inhibit methane- producing microorganisms Plant-based Innovations creating meat substitutes from Reduces demand for meats plant sources, offering environmentally- animal agriculture, friendly alternatives mitigating deforestation, habitat loss and greenhouse gas emissions Electric cars Vehicles powered by electric motors Lowers carbon emissions instead of internal combustion engines, and air pollution, driving reducing reliance on fossil fuels and the transition to emissions of greenhouse gases sustainable transportation and energy systems Scientific Discoveries Discovery Description Effect on Environmental Movement Pesticide and Studies revealing the harmful Increased awareness of biocide toxicity effects of pesticides and environmental risks, leading to biocides on ecosystems and regulatory measures, pesticide bans, human health and adoption of alternative pest control methods Species loss Research documenting the Raised alarm about biodiversity loss rapid decline of species and the extinction crisis, driving diversity globally due to conservation efforts and policy human activities actions to protect ecosystems and species Habitat Investigations highlighting the Highlighted the urgent need for degradation destruction and fragmentation habitat conservation and restoration, of natural habitats worldwide leading to the establishment of protected areas and restoration initiatives © 2025 Save My Exams, Ltd. Get more and ace your exams at savemyexams.com 23 Ocean Phenomenon of decreasing pH Raised concerns about marine acidification levels in the Earth's oceans, ecosystem health and biodiversity, Your notes mainly due to increased carbon driving research and policy actions to dioxide emissions address ocean acidification impacts Climate Research documenting the Increased understanding of climate change diverse effects of climate change risks and vulnerabilities, impacts change on ecosystems, motivating adaptation and mitigation economies and human efforts to address its impacts societies Examiner Tips and Tricks You don't need to learn how ALL of these people and events have contributed to the development of the environmental movement! It might be a good idea to select at least one from each of the tables above, then learn what happened and make sure you can explain why each one was important in shaping the environmental movement. © 2025 Save My Exams, Ltd. 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