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# Lec 1- Human Physiology ## Introduction Physiology is the scientific study of how organisms, organ systems, individual organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out chemical and physical functions in a living system. Sub-disciplines include medical physiology, animal physiology, plant physiology, c...

# Lec 1- Human Physiology ## Introduction Physiology is the scientific study of how organisms, organ systems, individual organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out chemical and physical functions in a living system. Sub-disciplines include medical physiology, animal physiology, plant physiology, cell physiology, and comparative physiology. Human physiology focuses on how the human body's systems maintain homeostasis. It includes the study of the nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and urinary systems. Medical physiology describes the chemistry and physics behind basic body functions and provides mechanisms for understanding and correcting deviations from health. ## Cell Physiology A cell consists of three parts: the cell membrane, the nucleus, and the cytoplasm which lies between the two. The cytoplasm contains thousands of organelles, distinct microscopic structures, and a network of filaments. ## Structure of the Cell Membrane Every cell in the body is enclosed by a cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane. This membrane separates the material outside the cell(extracellular) from the material inside (intracellular). Its functions include maintaining the cell's integrity and controlling the passage of materials. The cell membrane consists of: * **A lipid bilayer:** Composed of two layers of phospholipids with interspersed cholesterol molecules. This structure maintains the membrane's appropriate fluidity at different temperatures. * **Membrane proteins:** Including: * **Integral proteins:** Span the membrane and act as membrane transporters. * **Other proteins:** May have other roles