Cancer PDF

# CANCER Prof.Dr. Shatha .S.M 2 NOV 2024 ## Cancer is a disease in which some of the body’s cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body. ### Normal body cells - grow - divide - die in an orderly fashion. ### Cancer cells - do not die - continue to grow and divide in a disor...

# CANCER Prof.Dr. Shatha .S.M 2 NOV 2024 ## Cancer is a disease in which some of the body’s cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body. ### Normal body cells - grow - divide - die in an orderly fashion. ### Cancer cells - do not die - continue to grow and divide in a disorderly fashion ## What are 7 warning signs of cancer? 1. Change in bowel or bladder habits. 2. A sore that does not heal. 3. Unusual bleeding or discharge. 4. Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere. 5. Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing. 6. Obvious change in a wart or mole. 7. Nagging cough or hoarseness. ## Top 5 Cancer-Causing Foods - Fried Potatoes - Doughnuts - Sweetened Beverages - Burned Meat - Hot Dogs ## Top 5 Anti-Cancer Foods - Noni - Turmeric - Tomatoes - Green Leafy Vegetables - Sour Sop ## Environments Factor Related to Cancer - **Tobacco** 20-25% - **Diet and Obesity** 30-35% - **Infection** 15-20% - **Radiation** - **Stress** - **Lack of Physical Activity** - **Environmental pollutants** ## Risk Factors - Age - Cigarettes - Obesity - Family History - Alcohol - UV Light and Radiation ## Signs and Symptoms - **Respiratory System Disorder** 1. Coughing 2. Chest Pain 3. Breathlessness - **Digestive System** 1. Changes in Bowel Habits. 2. Bloating 3. Bleeding 4. Lumps 5. Moles 6. Unexplained Weight Loss 7. Tummy or Back Pain 8. Indigestion and Heartburn ## Stages of Cancers - **Staging** - I - II - III - IV (metastatic) - Stage I Cancers are localized to one part of the body; usually curable. - Stage II Cancers are locally advanced. - Stage III Cancers are also locally advanced. - Stage IV Cancers have often metastasized, or spread to other organs or throughout the body. ## What are the Different Kinds of Cancer? - The four most common cancers are: - Breast Cancer - Colon Cancer - Lung Cancer - Prostate Cancer ## Type of Cancer in Blood and Lymphatic System - **Types of Blood Cancer** - Leukemia: A cancer of white blood cells (WBC) - Lymphoma: A cancer that starts in the lymphatic system - Myeloma: A cancer of plasma cells in the bone marrow. - Hodgkin's disease (type of lymphoma) - Waldenstrom's disease (non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma) ## Treatment - Surgery - Chemotherapy - Radiation - Targeted Cancer Treatments - Small Molecule Inhibitors - Antibodies - Cell Based Immunotherapy - Gene Therapy ## Management - **Surgery** - **Radiation** - External - Internal - **Medications** ## Radiation Therapy - High-energy rays are used to kill cancer cells. - Stop them from growing and dividing. - Radiotherapy is a local treatment; it can affect cancer cells only in the treated area. - **Side Effects** - Tiredness - Skin reactions (Rash or Redness) - Loss of Appetite - Temporary lowering of the WBC blood cell count. ## Medications - **Chemotherapy** - Works on the DNA - Non-specific - **Hormonal Therapy** - Blocks/Reduces hormones - **Targeted Therapy** - Targets specific proteins resulting from genetic changes. - Specific - **Immunotherapy** - Stimulation of immune system to fight cancer. ## Chemotherapy - Drugs used to kill cancer cells; disrupt some aspect of cell division. - Toxic to healthy cells: - Hair - Bone marrow - Lymphocytes - Epithelial cells of intestinal lining - **Side Effects** - Hair Loss - Nausea - Vomiting - Reduced immune responses ## Drugs for Cancer - **Alkylating agents:** Cisplatin, Oxaliplatin, Carboplatin - **Antimetabolite:** Vincristine, Vinblastine - **Sulfonamides**: Sulfadiazine, Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfones - **Quinolones:** Nalidixic acid, Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin - **Nitrimidazole:** Metronidazole, Tinidazole - **Imidazole der.:** Clotrimazole, Ketoconazole, Fluconazole - **Antibiotics**: - Beta lactam: Penicillin, Cephalosporins, monobactums, carbapenes - Aminoglycoside: Streptomycin, Gentamycin, Amikacin - Macrolides: Erythromycin, Roxithromycin, Clarithromycin ## 1_ Alkylating Agents - **Cisplatin** is a medication used to manage and treat solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. - **Oxaliplatin**: Type of chemotherapy drug, It damages the DNA of cells and stops it from being copied. - **Carboplatin**: Used as a chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of various cancers, mainly ovarian, head and neck and lung cancers. ## 2_ Antimetabolites - **Vincristine** is used to treat various types of cancer, including leukemia, lymphoma. - **Vinblastine** ## Types of Cellular Growth - **Tumor** (neoplasia) "-oma" - **Hypertrophy** - Increase in cell size. - Organ size increases. - Often caused by increased growth factors. - **Hyperplasia** - Excess cell division. - Increased cell count. - Can be caused by injury or stimulation. - **Metaplasia** - Conversion of one cell lineage to another. - A protective mechanism against stress. - Can be reversible. - **Dysplasia** - Abnormal cell growth. - Cells with aberrant shape or structure. - Can be a precursor to neoplasia. - **Neoplasia** - Uncontrolled cell growth. - Results in tumors. - Can be benign or malignant. - **Benign tumor:** Does not spread to surrounding tissues. - **Malignant tumor:** Can spread to surrounding tissues and organs, which is called metastasis. ## Solid Tumors - **Carcinomas**: Occurs in major organs. - **Sarcomas**: Connective tissues. ## Blood Cancers - **Leukemia**: Bone marrow - **Lymphomas**: Lymph nodes ## Polyclonal or Monoclonal - **Polyclonal** - Derived (originated) from multiple cells - **Monoclonal** - Derived (originated) from one single cell ## Cancer Facts - Growth with no control. - Growth with no limits. - No evident cause... only "risk factors." - No useful function. - Arise from any type of cells. - Non-functioning or functioning (e.g. endocrine tumor.) - **Correlation ≠ Causation** ## Note - **Pancreatic cancer doesn't have a cure.** - **Hodgkin's lymphoma has a cure** - **ABVD** chemo regimen (esp. nodular sclerosing subtype." - **Most stage I cancers have a cure** - **Surgical resection.** ## NSG Diagnosis - Grieving - Situational Low Self-Esteem - A cute Pain - Altered Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements - Risk for Fluid Volume Deficit - Fatigue - Risk for Infection - Risk for Altered Oral Mucous Membranes - Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity - Risk for Constipation/Diarrhea - Risk for Altered Sexuality Patterns - Risk for Altered Family Process - Fear/Anxiety ## General Nursing Intervention for Patients with Cancer ## 70% of those diagnosed with cancer live for at least five years after diagnosis date. ## “The important thing is not how many years in your life but how much life in your years." ~Edward J. Stieglitz