Medical Terminology 10th Edition PDF

Unit 9 Anatomic Terms Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Anatomy ana/tomy = study of naming body structures Origin – Greek – anatome = cutting apart Galen – Greek anatomist who dissected corpses to identify and name body pa...

Unit 9 Anatomic Terms Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Anatomy ana/tomy = study of naming body structures Origin – Greek – anatome = cutting apart Galen – Greek anatomist who dissected corpses to identify and name body parts using both Greek and Latin terms Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Summary of Directional Terms Used with the Body Word Combining Meaning Form dorsal dors/o near or on back ventra ventr/ near or on belly side l anteri anter/o toward front or in or front of poster poster/o following or located ior behind cephal cephal/o upward or toward head ic Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Summary of Directional Terms Used with the Body Word Combining Meaning Form caudal caud/o downward or toward or tail caudad medial medi/o toward midline latera later/o toward side away from l midline superi super/o above or inferi infer/o below or Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Summary of Directional Terms Used with the Body Word Combining Meaning Form proxim proxim/o near point of origin al distal dist/o away from point of origin sagitt sagitt/o vertical al anteroposterior direction or plane dividing into left and right corona coron/o resembling Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL crown or RIGHTS RESERVED.  Terms with anter/o anter/o/later/al = front and side anter/o/medi/al = front and middle anter/o/super/ior = front and top Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Terms with poster/o poster/o/later/al = back and side poster/o/extern/al = back and outside poster/o/intern/al = back and inside anter/o/poster/ior = pertaining to front and back – From front to back Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Terms with ventr/o and dors/o ventr/o/dors/al = from front to back dors/o/cephal/ad = toward back of head – -ad = suffix meaning toward ventr/ad and anter/ior = toward front Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Proximal proxim/al = closer to designated point – E.g., fracture in upper part of femur closest to hip is proximal to end of femur – E.g., bone in part of finger (phalanx) closest to palm is proximal phalanx Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Distal dist/al = farther from designated point – E.g., fracture in lower part of femur away from hip is distal to end of femur – E.g., bone in tip of finger (phalanx) farther from origin of finger is distal phalanx Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Indicating Areas and Directions medi/o/later/al = middle and side super/o/later/al = above and to side cephal/ad = toward head caud/ad = toward tail – Lower spine cephal/o/caud/al = head to tail Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Planes of the Body Dividing body into slices or planes – Method of studying anatomy and diagnosing – Used in tomography and sonography sagitt/al = cut made at midline to divide body into equal right and left halves mid/sagitt/al plane = plane resulting from cut Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Animation Click Here to Play Body Planes Animation Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Axilla Armpit axill/ary = pertaining to region of armpit axill/ary temperature = body temperature measured under arm – Measures 1° Fahrenheit lower than oral temperature Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Axilla mid/axill/ary = fifth intercostal space in line with middle of armpit – Location of electrocardiography (EKG) chest electrode Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Coronal coron/al = crown or encircling coron/al suture line = line where bones join at crown of skull coron/a dentis = crown of tooth coron/ary arteries = arteries that encircle and supply heart with blood Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Umbilicus Naval – Belly button omphal/o = combining form – Origins: umbilicus – Latin omphalos – Greek Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Umbilical Conditions and Procedures omphal/itis = inflammation of umbilicus omphal/o/rrhagia = hemorrhage of umbilicus omphal/o/rrhea = discharge from umbilicus omphal/o/rrhexis = rupture of umbilicus omphal/o/cele and umbilic/o/cele = herniation of umbilicus omphal/ectomy = excision of umbilicus Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Signs and Symptoms Sign – Objective, observable information about patient – E.g., skin color changes, lab tests, measurements Symptom – Subjective information reported by patient about feelings and experiences – E.g., pain, nausea, tiredness Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Knowledge gnosia and gnosis = knowledge – Greek pro/gnos/is = foreknowledge – Predicting outcome of disease – pro- = prefix meaning before or in front of E.g., pro/cephal/ic = in front of head Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Terms with dia- dia/gnos/is = knowing through – Identifying disease through signs and symptoms dia- = prefix meaning through or throughout – dia/rrhea = watery stool flowing through – dia/scope = instrument through which skin examined Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Dialysis dia/lysis = process of destroying waste products in blood by diffusion through membrane Treatment for patients with kidney failure Two types: – Peritoneal – Hemodialysis Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Terms with aer/o aer/o = used in words to mean air Examples: – aer/ial = pertaining to air – aer/o/phobia = abnormal fear of air – aer/o/therapy = treatment with air – aer/o/cele = herniation containing air Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Terms with aer/o Examples: – aer/o/bic = needing air (oxygen) to live Aerobic bacteria need air to live One type causes pneumonia Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Terms with aer/o Examples: – an/aer/o/bic = existing without air (oxygen) Anaerobic bacteria do not need air to live E.g., Tetanus bacillus – Bacteria that causes lockjaw One type causes botulism – Serious type of food poisoning Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Terms with bios bios = life – Greek Examples: – bi/o/ology = science and study of living things – bi/o/logist = one who studies living things – bi/o/genesis = formation of living things Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Terms with bios Examples: – bi/o/ethics = topics that deal with decisions about life and medical treatments that concern right and wrong – bi/o/chemistry = study of chemical changes in living things – bi/o/psy = excision of living tissue for examination Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Terms with chrom/o chrom/o = combining form for color Origin – Greek – chroma = color Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Terms with chrom/o Examples: – chrom/o/cyte = any colored cell – chrom/o/blast = embryonic pigment cell – chrom/o/genesis = formation of pigment – chrom/o/lysis = destruction of color in cell – chrom/o/meter = instrument for measuring amount of color in substance Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Staining Cells chrom/o/philic = attracts color and stains easily – phil = word root meaning attracted to – E.g., some leukocytes chrom/o/phobic = will not stain – Gram-negative bacteria will not attract color from Gram stain a/chrom/o/philic = something that does not stain easily Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Terms with dys- and eu- dys- = difficult, painful, abnormal, or bad eu- = easy Examples: – dys/enter/y = infections of small intestine – dys/men/o/rrhea = difficult or painful menstrual flow Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Terms with dys- and eu- Digestion: dys/ eu/ pepsia pepsia dys/ eu/ peptic peptic Breathing: dys/pnea eu/penia Movement: dys/ eu/ kinesi/a kinesi/a Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Terms with dys- and eu- Sense or Sensation: dys/ eu/ esthesi/a esthesi/ a Emotional state: dys/ eu/ phor/ia phor/ia Labor (childbirth): dys/tocia eu/tocia Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Euthanasia eu/than/asia = easy or peaceful death Origin – Greek – thanatos = death Subject of many ethical medical questions Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Eugenics eu/gen/ics = good development Genetic engineering – Alteration of genetic material to produce desirable changes in traits Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Eugenics Eugenic sterilization – Selective sterilization of individuals that society believes have undesirable traits – E.g., severely mentally impaired adults Controversial topic of bioethics Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Menstruation Menses Menarche – Female’s first menstrual period Origin – Greek – men = month – arche = beginning Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Menstruation men/o/rrhagia = excessive menstrual hemorrhage men/o/pause = permanent cessation of menstruation a/men/o/rrhea = absence of menstrual flow men/o/stasis = stopping menstrual flow Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Animation Click Here to Play Ovulation Animation Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Suffix: -stasis -stasis = act or condition of stopping or controlling Examples: – phleb/o/statis and ven/o/stasis = control of blood flow in veins – arteri/o/stasis = control of flow in arteries – lymph/o/stasis = control of lymph flow – hem/o/stat = instrument used to control blood flow Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Syphilis Sexually transmitted disease syphil/o = combining form Examples: – syphil/o/pathy = any syphilitic disease – syphil/o/phobia = fear of contracting syphilis Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Syphilis Examples: – syphil/o/psych/osis = mental condition caused by syphilis – syphil/oma = syphilitic tumor – syphil/o/therapy = therapy for syphilis Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Terms with pseud/o pseudo- = false Examples: – pseud/o/science = false science – pseud/o/mania = psychosis when patients have false or pretended mental disorder – pseud/o/esthesi/a = false or imaginary sensation Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Terms with pseud/o Examples: – pseud/o/paralysis = false paralysis Not due to nerve damage – pseud/o/cesis and pseud/o/pregnancy = false pregnancy – pseud/o/cyst = false cyst – pseud/o/edema = false puffiness Not due to fluid accumulation Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Terms with pseud/o Examples: – pseud/o/hyper/trophy = false growth of organ or part due to another type of tissue – pseud/o/neur/oma = false nerve tumor – pseud/o/tubercul/osis = false tuberculosis Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Viscera Internal organs viscus = singular form viscer/o = combining form Examples: – viscer/al = pertaining to internal organs – viscer/o/genic = development of organs Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Viscera Examples: – viscer/o/motor = producing or related to movements of viscera – viscer/ad = toward viscera – viscer/o/skeletal = pertaining to organs and skeleton – viscer/o/pariet/al = pertaining to viscera and abdominal wall Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Viscera Examples: – viscer/o/pleur/al = relating to pleural and thoracic viscera – viscer/o/sensor/y = sensory function of organs – viscer/o/ptosis = prolapse of organs – viscer/algia = pain in organs Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Membranes viscer/al periton/eum = membrane that lines organs of abdominal cavity viscer/al pleural membrane = membrane that lines lungs Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Terms with pariet/o pariet/o = combining form for wall Examples: – pariet/al pleura = membrane on chest cavity wall – pariet/al peritoneum = membrane on abdominal cavity wall Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Ventral Cavity Membranes Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prefixes of Location Pref Meaning ix ecto- outer or outside endo- inner or inside meso- middle retro backward or - behind para- near Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prefixes: ecto- and exo- ecto- = outside – Latin exo- = outside – Greek ecto/gen/ous and exo/gen/ous = something produced outside organism Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Terms with ecto- Examples: – ecto/cyt/ic = pertaining to outside cell – ecto/plasm = protoplasm that forms outer membrane of cell – ecto/p/ic = pertaining to outside of Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Ectopic Pregnancy ecto/p/ic pregnancy = pregnancy that occurs outside of uterus – Usually occurs in fallopian tube Can cause rupture of tube – May occur in abdominal wall Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Prefix: endo- endo- = inside Examples: – endo/plasm = plasm inside cell Also known as cyto/plasm – endo/crani/al = within cranium – endo/chondr/al = within cartilage Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Prefix: endo- Examples: – endo/cardi/al and endo/cardi/ac = pertaining to lining of heart – endo/col/itis = inflammation of lining of colon – endo/scope = instrument used to looks into hollow organ or cavity – endo/scopy = process of viewing organ through scope Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Types of Endoscopies gastr/o/scopy = process of viewing stomach through scope esophag/o/gastr/o/duoden/o/ scopy (EGD) = viewing esophagus, stomach, and duodenum with scope Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Word-Building Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Prefix: meso- meso- = middle Examples: – mes/enter/y = peritoneum attaching intestine to abdominal wall Middle intestine – meso/colon = peritoneum attaching large intestine to abdominal wall – meso/dont/ic = pertaining to middle- sized teeth Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Tissue Layers blast/o/derm = embryonic disk of cells that gives rise to three main layers of tissue ecto/derm = forms skin and nervous system endo/derm = inner germ layer – Forms organs inside body meso/derm = middle germ layer between ectoderm and endoderm Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Prefix: retro- retro- = behind Examples: – retro/colic = behind colon – retro/mammary = behind breast Mammary glands – retro/stern/al = behind sternum Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Prefix: retro- Examples: – retro/periton/eum = space behind peritoneum – retro/periton/itis = inflammation in this space – retro/vers/ion = turning backward ante/vers/ion = turning forward – retro/flex/ion = bending backward ante/flex/ion = bending forward Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  Prefix: para- para- = near, beside, or around Examples: – para/centr/al = near center or around center – para/hepat/itis = near liver – para/nephr/itis = near kidney – para/appendic/itis = inflammation around appendix – para/cyst/itis = inflammation around or near bladder – para/colp/itis = inflammation of tissues around vagina Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.