Administrative Law Past Paper PDF - Nineveh University

Administrative Law IN ENGLISH / 1ST SEMESTER Nineveh University / College of Law SECOND STAGE | ASST. LECT. OSAMA W. AL-SAFAR Q1: What is administrative law? Answer: Administrative law governs the actions of government agencies, ensuring they act...

Administrative Law IN ENGLISH / 1ST SEMESTER Nineveh University / College of Law SECOND STAGE | ASST. LECT. OSAMA W. AL-SAFAR Q1: What is administrative law? Answer: Administrative law governs the actions of government agencies, ensuring they act within their legal authority and adhere to procedural fairness. ‫ ويضمن تصرفها ضمن سلطتها القانونية‬،‫الهيئات الحكومية‬/‫المؤسسات‬/‫افعال الوكاالت‬/‫انشطة‬/‫ يحكم القانون اإلداري تصرفات‬:‫ اإلجابة‬-.‫تتقيد بالعدالة اإلجرائية‬/‫وتلتزم‬ Q2: What is the purpose of administrative law? Answer: The primary purpose is to protect citizens from arbitrary government actions by establishing a framework for agency conduct. ‫االفعال الحكومية التعسفية من خالل إنشاء إطار عمل لسلوك‬/‫ الهدف األساسي هو حماية المواطنين من اإلجراءات‬:‫اإلجابة‬ -.‫الوكالة‬/‫الهيئة‬ Q3: What is the principle of administrative law known as 'separation of powers'? Answer: The principle of separation of powers refers to the division of governmental authority into distinct branches – legislative, executive, and judicial – to prevent the concentration of power and ensure a system of checks and balances. ‫ لمنع تركيز‬- ‫ التشريعية والتنفيذية والقضائية‬- ‫ يشير مبدأ الفصل بين السلطات إلى تقسيم السلطة الحكومية إلى فروع مختلفة‬:‫ اإلجابة‬-.‫السلطات وضمان وجود نظام من الضوابط والتوازنات‬ Q4: What is administrative discretion? Answer: administrative discretion refers to the authority granted to administrative agencies to make decisions within their area of experience based on their judgment and interpretation of laws and regulations. ‫المؤسسات اإلدارية التخاذ القرارات ضمن مجال خبرتهم بنا ًء على حكمهم وتفسيرهم‬/‫يشير التقدير االداري إلى السلطة الممنوحة للوكاالت‬.‫للقوانين والضوابط‬ 14 ‫ من‬1 ‫الصفحة‬ No. Terms Meaning 1. Administrative Law ‫القانون اإلداري‬ 2. Actions ‫ أنشطة‬/ ‫أفعال‬ 3. Government ‫حكومة‬ 4. Agencies ‫ هيئات‬/ ‫ مؤسسات‬/ ‫وكاالت‬ 5. Legal ‫قانوني‬ 6. Authority ‫سلطة‬ 7. Adhere ‫ يلتزم‬/ ‫يتقيد‬ 8. Procedural Fairness ‫العدالة اإلجرائية‬ 9. Purpose ‫الغرض‬ 10. Protect ‫ حماية‬/ ‫يحمي‬ 11. Citizens ‫المواطنين‬ 12. Arbitrary ‫تعسفي‬ 13. Framework ‫اطار عمل‬ 14. Conduct ‫سلوك‬ 15. Separation of Powers ‫فصل السلطات‬ 16. Principle ‫مبدأ‬ 17. Division ‫تقسيم‬ 18. Distinct ‫مختلف‬ 19. Branches ‫فروع‬ 20. Legislative ‫تشريعي‬ 21. Executive ‫تنفيذي‬ 22. Judicial ‫قضائي‬ 23. Concentration of Power ‫تركيز السلطة‬ 24. Balance ‫توازن‬ 25. Administrative Discretion ‫التقدير اإلداري‬ 26. Interpretation ‫تفسير‬ 27. Regulations ‫ضوابط‬ 28. Make Decisions ‫اتخاذ القرارات‬ 29. Experience ‫خبرة‬ 14 ‫ من‬2 ‫الصفحة‬  Nouns in English ‫األسماء في اللغة االنكليزية‬ - A noun is the name of anything. Kinds of Nouns Nouns can be classified into two main kinds: 1. Concrete Nouns: they are nouns which name something that you can see, hear, smell, taste or touch. They name a person, animal, object, thing, etc. e.g. Man, Country, Henry, Spain, Mosul, Crowd, Team. Concrete Nouns can be subdivided into the following: A. Common Nouns: they refer to general things. B. Proper Nouns: they refer to specific things. C. Collective nouns: they refer to a group or collection of things, or single things that are made up of more than one person, animal, place, thing. 2. Abstract Nouns: they are nouns which name something that you cannot see, hear, smell, taste or touch. They name an idea, feeling, or concept. e.g. happiness, truth, danger, health, friendship, Trust. Examples on Types of Nouns No. Common Proper Collective Abstract 1. King Arthur Library Hatred 2. Queen Elizabeth Crowd Love 3. Continent Asia / Europe Team Happiness Nile / Tigris / 4. River Audience Sadness Euphrates 5. Car BMW Jury Justice 6. Man Michael Committee Childhood 7. City Mosul Gang Poverty 8. Country Iraq Staff Wisdom 9. Planet Earth / Mars Family Judgment 10. Language English Flock Anger 14 ‫ من‬3 ‫الصفحة‬  Nouns 1. Concrete Nouns 2. Abstract Nouns A. Common B. Proper C. Collective Figure (1): Types of Nouns 14 ‫ من‬4 ‫الصفحة‬  Pronouns in English ‫الضمائر في اللغة االنكليزية‬ Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns. We often use them to avoid repeating the nouns. Types of Pronouns: 1. Subject Pronouns 2. Object Pronouns 3. Possessive Adjectives (Determiners) 4. Possessive Pronouns 5. Reflexive Pronouns 1. Subject pronouns: they replace nouns that are the subject of the sentence or clause. e.g. They like pancakes. e.g. This table is old. It needs to be repainted. e.g. She and I went to the movies. 2. Object pronouns: they are used to replace nouns that are the direct or indirect object of a sentence or clause. e.g. Jake is hurt because Bill hit him. e.g. The teacher wants to talk to you. e.g. If you have any questions, you can ask either him or me. 14 ‫ من‬5 ‫الصفحة‬ 3. Possessive adjectives (determiners): Possessive adjectives are not pronouns, but rather determiners. It is useful to learn them at the same time as pronouns, however, because they are similar in form to the possessive pronouns. Possessive adjectives function as adjectives, so they appear before the noun they modify. They do not replace a noun as pronouns do. e.g. The teacher wants to see your homework. e.g. This is our house. Nouns 4. Possessive pronouns: they replace possessive (adjective + noun) as either the subject or the object of a sentence or clause. e.g. This pen is mine. e.g. My car is blue. Yours is not blue. 5. Reflexive Pronouns: they are used to replace the object noun of a verb when it refers to the same noun as the subject of that verb. e.g. He hurt himself on the stairs. e.g. We blame ourselves for the fire. 14 ‫ من‬6 ‫الصفحة‬  Table (1): Types of Pronouns in English Subject Object Possessive Possessive Reflexive Pronoun Pronoun Adjective Pronoun Pronoun 1st I Me My Mine Myself Person 2nd You You Your Yours Yourself Person 3rd He Him His His Himself Person 3rd She Her Her Hers Herself Person 3rd It It Its Not used Itself Person 1st We Us Our Ours Ourselves Person 2nd You You Your Yours Yourselves Person 3rd They Them Their Theirs Themselves Person 14 ‫ من‬7 ‫الصفحة‬ Q5: What is the primary source of administrative law in Iraq? Answer: The primary source of administrative law in Iraq is the Constitution of the Republic of Iraq, which outlines the legal framework for the administrative structure of the country..‫ الذي يحدد اإلطار القانوني للهيكل اإلداري للبالد‬،‫ المصدر األساسي للقانون اإلداري في العراق هو دستور جمهورية العراق‬:‫الجواب‬ Q6: How does the Iraqi legal system protect employees' rights in the public sector? Answer: The Iraqi legal system protects employees' rights in the public sector through various laws and regulations, including the Labor Law and Civil Service Law, which establish the rights and responsibilities of public sector employees. ‫ بما في ذلك قانون العمل‬،‫ يحمي النظام القانوني العراقي حقوق الموظفين في القطاع العام من خالل القوانين واألنظمة المختلفة‬:‫الجواب‬.‫ اللذين يحددان حقوق ومسؤوليات موظفي القطاع العام‬،‫وقانون الخدمة المدنية‬ Q7: What are the key rights guaranteed to employees under Iraqi administrative law? Answer: Iraqi administrative law ensures several fundamental rights for employees, including the right to fair compensation, safe working conditions, non- discrimination, and protection against arbitrary dismissal. ‫ وظروف العمل‬،‫ بما في ذلك الحق في التعويض العادل‬،‫ يضمن القانون اإلداري العراقي العديد من الحقوق األساسية للموظفين‬:‫الجواب‬ )‫ واجب الحقوق والواجبات ضمن اإلجابة‬:‫ (مالحظة‬.‫ والحماية من الفصل التعسفي‬،‫ وعدم التمييز‬،‫اآلمنة‬ Q8: What are the primary responsibilities of employees under Iraqi administrative law? Answer: Employees in Iraq are obliged to fulfill their job duties diligently, adhere to workplace policies and regulations, maintain confidentiality as required, and conduct in a manner that upholds the reputation and interests of the employer. ‫ والحفاظ على السرية‬،‫ وااللتزام بسياسات وضوابط مكان العمل‬،‫ الموظفون في العراق ملزمون بإنجاز واجباتهم الوظيفية بجد‬:‫الجواب‬ )‫ واجب الحقوق والواجبات ضمن اإلجابة‬:‫ (مالحظة‬.‫ والتصرف بطريقة تدعم سمعة ومصالح صاحب العمل‬،‫كما هو مطلوب‬ 14 ‫ من‬8 ‫الصفحة‬ Q9: How does Iraqi administrative law deal with employees' accountability for misconduct or negligence? Answer: employees’ accountability for misconduct or negligence is dealt with through disciplinary procedures outlined by the government/employer depending on the severity of the infraction and following due process. This may include: 1- Calling-attention 2- Warning Translated in 3- Salary cut Ministry of Justice 4- Reprimand Iraqi Gazette Office Translation Department 5- Salary decrease 2021 6- Rank downgrading 7- Dismissal 8- Permanent Dismissal ‫صاحب العمل‬/‫ يتم التعامل مع مساءلة الموظفين عن سوء السلوك أو اإلهمال من خالل اإلجراءات التأديبية التي تحددها الحكومة‬:‫اإلجابة‬ :‫ وقد يشمل ذلك ما يلي‬.‫اعتمادًا على خطورة المخالفة واتباع اإلجراءات القانونية الواجبة‬.)‫(معاني العقوبات مطلوبة باللغتين العربية واإلنكليزية‬ ‫ لفت النظر‬.1 ‫ اإلنذار‬.2 ‫ قطع الراتب‬.3 ‫ التوبيخ‬.4 ‫ انقاص الراتب‬.5 ‫ تنزيل درجة‬.6 ‫ الفصل‬.7 ‫ العزل‬.8 14 ‫ من‬9 ‫الصفحة‬ Q10: How does Iraqi administrative law address issues related to discrimination in the workplace? Answer: Iraqi administrative law prohibits discrimination in the workplace based on factors such as gender, religion, ethnicity, or disability. Employers are mandated to provide equal opportunities and fair treatment to all employees regardless of their background. Furthermore, The Labor Law includes provisions that promote equal opportunities and treatment for all employees. ‫االحتياجات‬/‫ يحظر القانون اإلداري العراقي التمييز في مكان العمل على أساس عوامل مثل الجنس أو الدين أو العرق أو اإلعاقة‬:‫الجواب‬ ‫ يتضمن‬،‫ عالوة على ذلك‬.‫ أصحاب العمل مكلفون بتوفير فرص متكافئة ومعاملة عادلة لجميع الموظفين بغض النظر عن خلفياتهم‬.‫الخاصة‬.‫قانون العمل أحكاما ً تعزز تكافؤ الفرص والمعاملة لجميع الموظفين‬ 14 ‫ من‬10 ‫الصفحة‬ No. Terms Meaning 1. Responsibilities ‫ واجبات‬/ ‫مسؤوليات‬ 2. Diligently ‫بجد‬ 3. Workplace ‫مكان العمل‬ 4. Policies ‫سياسات‬ 5. Maintain ‫يحافظ على‬ 6. Confidentiality ‫السرية‬ 7. Upholds ‫يدعم‬ 8. Interests ‫مصالح‬ 9. Accountability ‫مساءلة‬ 10. Misconduct ‫سوء السلوك‬ 11. Negligence ‫االهمال‬ 12. Disciplinary ‫تأديبي‬ 13. Severity ‫ شدة‬/ ‫ حدة‬/ ‫خطورة‬ 14. Infraction ‫مخالفة‬ 15. Due Process ‫إجراءات قانونية‬ 16. Employee / Employer ‫ صاحب العمل‬/ ‫موظف‬ 17. Constitution of the Republic of Iraq ‫دستور الجمهورية العراقية‬ 18. Administrative Structure ‫الهيكل اإلداري‬ 19. Rights ‫حقوق‬ 20. Public Sector ‫القطاع العام‬ 21. Private Sector ‫القطاع الخاص‬ 22. Labor Law ‫قانون العمل‬ 23. Civil Service Law ‫قانون الخدمة المدنية‬ 24. Safe Working Conditions ‫ظروف عمل آمنة‬ 25. Non-Discrimination ‫عدم التمييز‬ 26. Issues ‫مشاكل‬ 27. Prohibit ‫يحظر‬ 28. Gender / Religion / Ethnicity / Disability ‫ االعاقة‬/ ‫ العرق‬/ ‫ الدين‬/ ‫الجنس‬ 29. Equal Opportunities ‫فرص متكافئة‬ 14 ‫ من‬11 ‫الصفحة‬  Verbs in English ‫األفعال في اللغة االنكليزية‬ A verb is a part of speech which denotes the action of a subject and used to tell something about a person or a thing.  For example, John plays football. Here the underlined word is a verb because the person ‘John’ performs an action i.e., ‘play’  What a thing or person is: My brother is an engineer.  What a person or thing does: He often visits his birthplace. She teaches in our school.  What is done to a thing or person: He was punished. Joyee was taught a lesson. Verbs can be classified into two main kinds:  Lexical Verbs  Auxiliary Verbs A. Action verbs A. To be B. Linking verbs B. To do C. Transitive verbs C. To have D. Intransitive verbs D. Modals 14 ‫ من‬12 ‫الصفحة‬   Lexical Verbs ‫األفعال الرئيسية‬ A. Action verbs: are verbs that describe an action that is performed by a person, animal, object etc. Like run, jump, kick, eat, break,… etc. e.g. Anthony is throwing the football. B. Linking Verbs: they serve as a connection between a subject and further information about that subject. They do not show any action; rather, they “link” the subject with the rest of the sentence. Like verb to be (when it is the only verb in the sentence) and sense verbs. e.g. You look tired. e.g. She is a lawyer. C. Transitive Verbs: they are the verbs that require an object. A sentence is not complete without an object. e.g. Bring your copy of the textbook to our study group meeting. e.g. She made a cake. D. Intransitive Verbs: they are the verbs that do not require an object. e.g. They arrived. e.g. The dog ran. 14 ‫ من‬13 ‫الصفحة‬   Auxiliary Verbs ‫األفعال المساعدة‬ A. To Be: it is used in the continuous active forms and in all passive forms. (be, being, been, is, am, are, was, were) e.g. He is walking. B. To Do: it is used to form the negative and interrogative of the present simple and past simple tenses. (do, does, did) e.g. He studies hard. He does not study hard. Does he study hard? C. To Have: it is used to form the perfect tenses. (has, have, had) e.g. He has done his homework. e.g. They have arrived. D. Modals or Modal Auxiliaries: they are used to express the following meanings: 1. Futurity ‫( المستقبل‬will, shall): e.g. I will visit you on Friday. 2. Permission ‫( الرخصة‬may, can): e.g. May I sit here? 3. Possibility ‫( االحتمالية‬may, might, can and could): e.g. He may lend you the money. 4. Ability ‫( القدرة‬can, could): e.g. She can play piano. 5. Obligation ‫( االلزام‬must, should, ought to, have to): e.g. I must get up early. 14 ‫ من‬14 ‫الصفحة‬