Week 8 Diabetes PDF
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This document provides an overview of different types of diabetes, including Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes. It covers factors contributing to diabetes, symptoms, long-term complications, and treatment approaches. The text is focused on explaining the basics of each type in a concise manner.
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Week 8 Type 1 Diabetes 5-10% of Canadians with diabetes (Diabetes Canada, 2024) Develops in childhood or adolescence Leading chronic disease in children Autoimmune disease with destruction of beta cells in pancreas (islets of Langerhaans) Requi...
Week 8 Type 1 Diabetes 5-10% of Canadians with diabetes (Diabetes Canada, 2024) Develops in childhood or adolescence Leading chronic disease in children Autoimmune disease with destruction of beta cells in pancreas (islets of Langerhaans) Requires exogenous insulin Symptoms usually develop quickly/suddenly Excessive thirst Excessive hunger Unexplained weight loss Blurred vision Slow healing of cuts/sores Fatigue Vaginal yeast infections Frequent urination Type 2 Diabetes Most common form (90-95% of Canadians with diabetes) Can occur at any age, more prevalent in middle age Trend is shifting (↑ children/adolescence) Disease of: insulin resistance (target tissues do not not respond to insulin; muscle, liver, adipose) impaired insulin secretion (not enough secreted to move glucose into cells) Gestational Diabetes Develops in 3-20% of pregnancies in Canada (Diabetes Canada, 2024) Typically, no diabetes before pregnancy, and it often goes away after delivery Patients are treated the same as a patient with diabetes who is pregnant Multiple factors contribute to diabetes when pregnant: A) placenta produces a hormone to antagonize insulin B) cortisol (which ↑ blood sugar) is 3x normal C) glucose moves freely from mom to fetus Prediabetes Blood sugar levels are higher than normal, but not yet at a level of T2DM Increased risk for T2DM Hgb A1C level of 6.0-6.4% (Diabetes Canada, 2024) Can be managed with diet and exercise, but pharmacotherapy may begin here IMPORTANT! Hgb A1c: looks at blood glucose levels over 2-3 months; measures the number of RBC’s that have glucose-covered hemoglobin Goal is less than 7% (for patients with diabetes) Long term complications of diabetes Cardiovascular disease – earlier & faster atherosclerosis Retinopathy – capillary damage in retina Renal failure – proteinuria causes ↓ GFR Nerve damage – damage to capillaries that supply nerves; ↓ reflexes Gastroparesis (delayed stomach emptying) – damage to ANS nerves that control motility Amputation – from infection (↑ sugar environment, ↓ immune function, neuropathy) Short-term complications of diabetes Hyperglycemia (↑ blood sugar) >7mmol/L Hypoglycemia (↓ blood sugar)
