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# Cognitive Development ## Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years) * Can reason, but needs concrete examples. * Abstract reasoning is too difficult. * Decentration: Can understand multiple aspects of a situation at once. * Multiple classification: Can classify objects by size, color, etc., at the...

# Cognitive Development ## Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years) * Can reason, but needs concrete examples. * Abstract reasoning is too difficult. * Decentration: Can understand multiple aspects of a situation at once. * Multiple classification: Can classify objects by size, color, etc., at the same time. ## Formal Operational Stage (12+) * Abstract reasoning, metacognition, idealistic. * Can deal with hypothetical situations and big ideas. * Can question status quo and values, see beyond the present. * Piaget's criticisms: Small sample, no longitudinal design, questions too complex. ## Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory * Emphasizes language and instruction. * Social interaction with peers. * Development is influenced by social and cultural factors. * Children grow up in their own social, historical, and cultural context. * "Cultural tools" that children need to learn to use in that culture (e.g., computer in the West). ## Scaffolding * Framework that offers temporary support. * Zone of proximal development: the difference between what a child can do independently and with help. A child can do something with help, but not yet independently. (mko = "more knowledgeable other") ## Language * **Phonemes**: Smallest distinctive sound units in a language. * **Morphemes**: Smallest language units that carry meaning. * **Semantics**: Deriving meanings from words ("just made some synonym rolls"). * **Syntax**: How words/morphemes are put together.