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# Cell Biology Notes The document appears to be notes on cell division, specifically focused on mitosis and meiosis. ## Part I: Duplicated Chromosomes * **Duplication:** Chromosomes duplicate to form sister chromatids. * **Sister Chromatids:** Two identical copies of a chromosome joined together...

# Cell Biology Notes The document appears to be notes on cell division, specifically focused on mitosis and meiosis. ## Part I: Duplicated Chromosomes * **Duplication:** Chromosomes duplicate to form sister chromatids. * **Sister Chromatids:** Two identical copies of a chromosome joined together at the centromere * **Diploid:** Cells with two sets of chromosomes (e.g. humans). * **Haploid:** Cells with only one set of chromosomes. * **Homologous Chromosomes:** A pair of chromosomes with similar genes, where one chromosome comes from the maternal parent and the other one from the paternal parent. ## Part II: Cell Cycle * **Interphase:** The phase where the cell grows and prepares for division * **G1 Phase:** Cell growth and normal metabolism. Unduplicated DNA (typically 46 chromosomes in humans). * **S Phase:** DNA replication occurs, creating two identical copies of each chromosome. * **G2 Phase:** Cell prepares for division. DNA is duplicated/replicated in a chromatin form throughout interphase. * **Mitosis:** Division of the nucleus * **Prophase:** Duplicated chromosomes condense. Nuclear membrane breaks down. Spindle fibers form. * **Metaphase:** Chromosomes align in the middle of the cell. * **Anaphase:** Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles. * **Telophase:** Chromosomes reach opposite poles, and the nuclear membrane reforms. * **Cytokinesis:** Division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two separate daughter cells. ## Part III: Meiosis * **Meiosis** leads to genetically different haploid cells. This is important for sexual reproduction. * **Genetic variation** is produced by meiosis through the assortment of chromosomes and crossing over * **Large:** The products of meiosis. * **Each:** Refers to the haploid cells produced during meiosis. * **Fusion:** Fusion to generate a zygote. * **At least:** at least two alleles will be inherited from each parent. **Important Note:** The document seems to be a set of notes with some blanks/fill-ins to be completed. The image quality might not allow for a complete translation in all the parts.