9.Poetry-Terminology.ppt

POETRY POETRY  A type of literature that expresses ideas, feelings, or tells a story in a specific form (usually using lines and stanzas) POINT OF VIEW IN POETRY POET SPEAKER  The poet is the...

POETRY POETRY  A type of literature that expresses ideas, feelings, or tells a story in a specific form (usually using lines and stanzas) POINT OF VIEW IN POETRY POET SPEAKER  The poet is the author  The speaker of the of the poem. poem is the “narrator” of the poem. POETRY FORM  FORM - the  A word is dead appearance of the  When it is said, words on the page  Some say.  LINE - a group of words together on one  I say it just line of the poem  Begins to live  STANZA - a group of  That day. lines arranged together KINDS OF STANZAS Couplet = a two line stanza Triplet (Tercet) = a three line stanza Quatrain = a four line stanza Quintet= a five line stanza Sestet (Sextet) = a six line stanza Septet = a seven line stanza Octave = an eight line stanza SOUND EFFECTS RHYTHM  The beat created by the sounds of the words in a poem  Rhythm can be created by meter, rhyme, alliteration and refrain. METER  A pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.  Meter occurs when the stressed and unstressed syllables of the words in a poem are arranged in a repeating pattern.  When poets write in meter, they count out the number of stressed (strong) syllables and unstressed (weak) syllables for each line. They repeat the pattern throughout the poem. METER cont.  FOOT - unit of meter.  TYPES OF FEET  A foot can have two or The types of feet are three syllables. determined by the  Usually consists of arrangement of one stressed and one stressed and or more unstressed unstressed syllables. syllables. (cont.) METER cont.  TYPES OF FEET (cont.) Iambic - unstressed, stressed Trochaic - stressed, unstressed Anapestic - unstressed, unstressed, stressed Dactylic - stressed, unstressed, unstressed METER cont. Kinds of Metrical Lines  monometer = one foot on a line  dimeter = two feet on a line  trimeter = three feet on a line  tetrameter = four feet on a line  pentameter = five feet on a line  hexameter = six feet on a line  heptameter = seven feet on a line  octometer = eight feet on a line RHYME  Words sound alike  LAMP because they share the  STAMP same ending vowel and consonant sounds.  Share the short “a” vowel sound  Share the combined  (A word always “mp” consonant sound rhymes with itself.) Types of Poetry Poetry can be classified into three types — narrative, lyric and dramatic. 1. Narrative Poetry - Form of poem that tells a story or series of events using poetic devices. Many of the same elements that are found in a short story are also found in a narrative poem: character, setting, conflict and plot. 2. Lyric poetry -A verse or poem that is, or supposedly of being sung to the accompaniment of a musical instrument (in ancient times, usually a lyre) or that expresses intense personal emotion in a manner suggestive of a song. 3. Dramatic Poetry - Presents one or more characters speaking, usually to other characters, but sometimes to themselves or directly to the reader. 1. Narrative Poetry - Form of poem that tells a story or series of events using poetic devices. Many of the same elements that are found in a short story are also found in a narrative poem: character, setting, conflict and plot. 2. Lyric poetry -A verse or poem that is, or supposedly of being sung to the accompaniment of a musical instrument (in ancient times, usually a lyre) or that expresses intense personal emotion in a manner suggestive of a song. 3. Dramatic Poetry - Presents one or more characters speaking, usually to other characters, but sometimes to themselves or directly to the reader.  KINDS OF NARRATIVE POETRY  EPIC— long unified narrative poem, recounting in dignified language the adventures of a warrior, a king or a god.  METRICAL ROMANCE— recounts the quest undertaken by a single knight in order to gain a lady's favor.  METRICAL TALE—relates to real or imaginary events in simple, straight forward language, from a wide range of subjects, characters, life experiences, and emotional situations.  BALLAD— narrative poem which is meant to be sung, usually composed in the ballad stanza.  Kinds of lyric poetry  ODE— dignified and elaborately structured lyric poem praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally.  ELEGY— a lyric poem, written in elegiac couplets that expresses sorrow or lamentation usually for the one who has died.  SONNET— short poem with 14 lines usually written in a specific kind of meter.  SONG— lyric poem which is set to music. All songs have a strong beat created largely through the 3rs: rhythm, rhyme and repetition.  SIMPLE LYRIC— short poem that expresses the poet's thought feeling or emotion.  KINDS OF DRAMATIC POETRY  DRAMATIC MONOLOGUE— when a character reveals his or her innermost thoughts and feelings, those that are hidden throughout the story line through a poem or a speech.  SOLILOQUY— act of speaking while alone, especially when used as a theatrical device that allows a character's thoughts and ideas to be conveyed to the audience. SPECIFIC FORMS OF CREATIVE POETRY  EXPERIMENTAL POETRY - refers to written work—usually fiction or poetry —that emphasizes innovation, most especially in technique. A.ACROSTIC POETRY -The letters of each line are aligned vertically to form a word. The word is often the subject of the poem. Example: B. CINQUAIN -Five lines long with a certain number of syllables or words in each. Cinquain poems do not rhyme. There are many ways to write Cinquain poems. Line 1: Title – one word or two syllables Line 2: Description or example of the title – 2 words or four syllables Line 3: Action about the title – a 3 word phrase or six syllables (ends in “ing”) Line 4: a 4 word phrase describing a feeling about the title or 8 syllables Line 5: Synonym for the title – one word – 2 syllables Example: Star Hot, radiant Shining, burning, exploding It gives life to everything Sun  Acrobats Acrobats Flexible, amusing Flipping, twirling, jumping They make me laugh Performers C. COUPLET -In poetry, a couplet is a pair of lines. Typically, they rhyme and have the same meter. They make up a unit or complete thought. Couplet is the easiest of the verse forms, it consists of two lines with an end rhyme. Examples: "This precious book of love, this unbound lover, To beautify him only lacks a cover." - Romeo and Juliet "Love looks not with the eyes, but with the mind; And therefore is winged Cupid painted blind." - A Midsummer Night's Dream Lightening, thunder, all around Soon the rain falls on the ground D. DIAMONTE is a poem that makes the shape of a diamond. The poem can be used in two ways, either comparing and contrasting two different subjects, or naming synonyms at the beginning of the poem and then antonyms for the second half for a subject. In the poems, the subject is named in one word in the first line. The second line consists of two adjectives describing the subject, and the third line contains three verbs ending in the suffix ing which are related to the subject. A fourth line then has four nouns, again related to the subject, but only the first two words are related to the first subject. The other two words describe the opposite subject. The lines then are put in reverse, leading to and relating to either a second subject or a synonym for the first. Line 1: Beginning subject Line 2: Two describing words about line 1 Line 3: Three doing words about line 1 ending with ing Line 4: A short phrase about line 1, A short phrase about line 7 Line 5: Three doing words line 7 Line 6: Two describing words about line 7 Line 7: End subject E. LIMERICKS is a funny little poem containing five lines. The last words of the first, second, and fifth lines rhyme with each other (A) and the last words of the third and fourth lines rhyme with each other so the pattern is AABBA. Example: There once was a girl named Cheryl (A) Who dreamed she was in great peril (A) She awoke with a fright (B) When she discovered the sight (B) The “monster” was just a small squirrel. (A) “An infatuated man from Dover, was left by his imaginary lover. He pulled his hair, in sheer despair, forgetting a wig was his cover.” F. HAIKU A form of centuries old Japanese poetry that consists of seventeen syllables and has nature as its subject or theme. Haiku is very short and has a 5-7-5 syllable structure with 5 syllables in the first line, 7 syllables in the second line, and 5 syllables in the third line. With just a couple of words, haiku poetry conveys emotion. This poetry was created by the famous writer named Issa. Example: As I lay and gaze, Blue skies and white clouds above Billowing up high.   An old silent pond... A frog jumps into the pond, splash! Silence again.  Autumn moonlight— a worm digs silently into the chestnut.  In the twilight rain these brilliant-hued hibiscus — A lovely sunset. G. TANKA Tanka is another form of Japanese poetry that consists of 31 syllables (5-7-5-7-7). The themes for Tanka are love, nature, seasons and friendship. Example: WIND Wind blowing my face Making my cheeks rosy red It’s biting my nose And chilling through all my bones It is pushing me along  "A cool wind blows in With a blanket of silence. Straining to listen For those first few drops of rain, The storm begins in earnest.“ "Crash at two A.M. I opened my bedroom door A white cat ran by Startled by the clanging fall Of the treat jar’s metal lid" H. CLERIHEW is a simple rhymed verse. It is a four-line poem in which line 1 rhymes with line 2, and line 2, and line 3 rhymes with rhyme 4. The poem has no regular rhythm. It contains a humorous reference to a famous person. The last line contains a pun, usually on some well-known event in the life of a famous person. A clerihew is a whimsical, four-line biographical poem invented by Edmund Clerihew Bentley. The first line is the name of the poem's subject, usually a famous person put in an absurd light, or revealing something unknown or spurious about them. The rhyme scheme is AABB, and the rhymes are often forced. The line length and meter are irregular. Bentley invented the clerihew in school and then popularized it in books. One of his best known is this (1905):  Sir Christopher Wren Said, "I am going to dine with some men. If anyone calls Say I am designing St. Paul's." Bentley's first clerihew, published in 1905, was written about Sir Humphry Davy: Sir Humphry Davy Abominated gravy. He lived in the odium Of having discovered sodium I. DOODLE ART A doodle is a drawing made while a person's attention is otherwise occupied. Doodles are simple drawings that can have concrete representational meaning or may just be composed of random and abstract lines, generally without ever lifting the drawing device from the paper, in which case it is usually called a "scribble". CONCRETE POETRY —sometimes also called ‘shape poetry’—is poetry whose visual appearance matches the topic of the poem. The words form shapes which illustrate the poem’s subject as a picture, as well as through their literal meaning. This type of poetry has been used for thousands of years, since the ancient Greeks began to enhance the meanings of their poetry by arranging their characters in visually pleasing ways back in the 3rd and 2nd Centuries BC.  TYPOGRAPHY is the art and technique of arranging type to make written language legible, readable, and appealing when displayed. The arrangement of type involves selecting typefaces, point sizes, line lengths, line-spacing, and letter-spacing, and adjusting the space between pairs of letters. The term typography is also applied to the style, arrangement, and appearance of the letters, numbers, and symbols created by the process. END RHYME  A word at the end of one line rhymes with a word at the end of another line  Hector the Collector  Collected bits of string.  Collected dolls with broken heads  And rusty bells that would not ring. INTERNAL RHYME  A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line.  Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary.  From “The Raven”  by Edgar Allan Poe NEAR RHYME  a.k.a imperfect  ROSE rhyme, close rhyme  LOSE  The words share  Different vowel EITHER the same sounds (long “o” and vowel or consonant “oo” sound) sound BUT NOT  Share the same BOTH consonant sound RHYME SCHEME  A rhyme scheme is a pattern of rhyme (usually end rhyme, but not always).  Use the letters of the alphabet to represent sounds to be able to visually “see” the pattern. (See next slide for an example.) SAMPLE RHYME SCHEME  The Germ by Ogden Nash  A mighty creature is the germ, a  Though smaller than the pachyderm. a  His customary dwelling place b  Is deep within the human race. b  His childish pride he often pleases c  By giving people strange diseases. c  Do you, my poppet, feel infirm? a  You probably contain a germ. a ONOMATOPOEIA  Words that imitate the sound they are naming  BUZZ  OR sounds that imitate another sound  “The silken, sad, uncertain, rustling of  each purple curtain...” ALLITERATION  Consonant sounds repeated at the beginnings of words  If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, how many pickled peppers did Peter Piper pick? CONSONANCE  Similar to alliteration EXCEPT...  The repeated consonant sounds can be anywhere in the words  “silken, sad, uncertain, rustling.. “ ASSONANCE  Repeated VOWEL sounds in a line or lines of poetry.  (Often creates near rhyme.)  Lake Fate Base Fade  (All share the long “a” sound.) ASSONANCE cont. Examples of ASSONANCE: “Slow the low gradual moan came in the snowing.” - John Masefield “Shall ever medicine thee to that sweet sleep.” - William Shakespeare REFRAIN  A sound, word, phrase  “Quoth the raven, or line repeated ‘Nevermore.’” regularly in a poem. FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE SIMILE  A comparison of two things using “like, as than,” or “resembles.”  “She is as beautiful as a sunrise.” METAPHOR  A direct comparison of two unlike things  “All the world’s a stage, and we are merely players.” - William Shakespeare EXTENDED METAPHOR  A metaphor that goes several lines or possible the entire length of a work. IMPLIED METAPHOR  The comparison is hinted at but not clearly stated.  “The poison sacs of the town began to manufacture venom, and the town swelled and puffed with the pressure of it.” - from The Pearl - by John Steinbeck  Hyperbole  Exaggeration often used for emphasis.  Litotes  Understatement - basically the opposite of hyperbole. Often it is ironic.  Ex. Calling a slow moving person “Speedy”  Idiom  An expression where the literal meaning of the words is not the meaning of the expression. It means something other than what it actually says.  Ex. It’s raining cats and dogs. PERSONIFICATION  An animal from “Ninki” given human- by Shirley Jackson like qualities “Ninki was by this time irritated or an object beyond belief by the general air of given life-like incompetence exhibited in the qualities. kitchen, and she went into the living room and got Shax, who is extraordinarily lazy and never catches his own chipmunks, but who is, at least, a cat, and preferable, Ninki saw clearly, to a man with a gun.  OTHER POETIC DEVICES SYMBOLISM  When a person, place, thing, or event that has = Innocence meaning in itself also represents, or stands for, something else. = America = Peace  Allusion  Allusion comes from A tunnel walled and overlaid the verb “allude” With dazzling crystal: we had which means “to refer read to” Of rare Aladdin’s wondrous cave,  An allusion is a And to our own his name we reference to something gave. famous. From “Snowbound” John Greenleaf Whittier IMAGERY  Language that appeals to the senses.  Most images are visual, but they can also appeal to the senses of sound, touch, taste, or smell. then with cracked hands that ached from labor in the weekday weather... from “Those Winter Sundays” So then…  What the frac is poetry? SOME TYPES OF POETRY WE WILL BE STUDYING  SHAKESPEAREAN SONNET Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? A fourteen line poem with Thou art more lovely and more temperate. a specific rhyme Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, scheme. And summer’s lease hath all too short a date. Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimmed; And every fair from fair sometimes declines, The poem is written in By chance or nature’s changing course untrimmed. three quatrains and ends But thy eternal summer shall not fade with a couplet. Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st; Nor shall Death brag thou wanderest in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, The rhyme scheme is So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. abab cdcd efef gg NARRATIVE POEMS  A poem that tells a Examples of Narrative story. Poems  Generally longer than the lyric styles of “The Raven” poetry b/c the poet “The Highwayman” needs to establish characters and a plot. “Casey at the Bat” “The Walrus and the Carpenter”