Calvin Cycle PDF

# CALVIN CYCLE ### Process: - Carbon Fixation - Reduction Phase - Regeneration Phase # CALVIN CYCLE ### Process: Carbon fixation The image shows the Calvin cycle with a carbon fixation step. CO2 reacts with Ribose 1,5-Bisphosphate (RUBP) to form 3-phosphoglycerate. This is the point at which inorg...

# CALVIN CYCLE ### Process: - Carbon Fixation - Reduction Phase - Regeneration Phase # CALVIN CYCLE ### Process: Carbon fixation The image shows the Calvin cycle with a carbon fixation step. CO2 reacts with Ribose 1,5-Bisphosphate (RUBP) to form 3-phosphoglycerate. This is the point at which inorganic carbon is converted into a usable organic form # CALVIN CYCLE ### Process: Reduction phase The image shows CO2 reacting with Ribose 1,5-Bisphosphate (RUBP) using Rubisco and forming 3-phosphoglycerate. This is then converted into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate using ATP. After that, NADPH is used to convert 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate into Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). - 3 CO2 are fixed into 6 G3P, but only one G3P molecule is used to form glucose. - The rest of G3P are recycled. # CALVIN CYCLE ### Process: Regeneration phase The image shows the Calvin cycle being regenerated. It is a cycle where the product of the cycle is regenerated, in this case, RuBP. 1. 3-phosphoglycerate is converted into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate using ATP. 2. ATP and NADPH are used to convert 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate into Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). 3. RuBP is regenerated from G3P # CALVIN CYCLE ### Process: The image shows the Calvin cycle with an explanation of the steps involved. - CO2 is fixed into 3PGA using Rubisco. - G3P is used to regenerate RuBP. - 3PGA is converted into G3P in the reduction phase. # CALVIN CYCLE ### Key players: - ATP and NADPH power the Calvin cycle - RuBisCo ensures that carbon dioxide is fixed, making this entire process possible # CALVIN CYCLE ### Energy inputs - ATP - Entergy - NADPH - Electrons - 3PGA - G3P - RuBP ### Energy output - Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate - 3 CO2 fixed - Glucose - 5 G3P - 1 G3P # CALVIN CYCLE ### Pathways: - C3 photosynthesis - Most common form of photosynthesis - CO2 directly fixed into 3PGA - Efficient in cool and moist climate - Less effective in hot, dry condition due to photo respiration # CALVIN CYCLE ### Pathways: - C4 photosynthesis - CO2 is converted into Oxaloacetate, then Malate, and finally enters the Calvin cycle. - This adaptation minimizes photo respiration. - These plants thrive in high temperature and low water availability. # CALVIN CYCLE - C3 Plants - C4 Plants - CAM Plants The Image shows a comparison of C3, C4 and CAM plants. - The C3 plant has the Calvin Cycle in the mesophyll. - The C4 plant uses PEP Carboxylase for CO2 fixation in the mesophyll and has the Calvin Cycle in the bundle sheath, - The CAM plant fixes CO2 in the mesophyll at night, and uses the CO2 in the Calvin cycle, in the mesophyll, during the day. # C4 Photosynthesis The image shows the C4 photosynthesis process. - Does not necessarily indicate common ancestry. - 3% of land plants use this. # CAM Photosynthesis The image shows the process of CAM Photosynthesis during night and day. - In Night: Stomata are open and CO2 is fixed into Oxaloacetate. - In Day: Stomata are closed and CO2 is released from Oxaloacetate and used in the Calvin Cycle. # C4 Plants - CAM Plants The image shows a comparison of C4 and CAM plants. - C4 plants have the Calvin Cycle in the bundle sheath and CO2 fixation in the mesophyll.  - CAM plants have the Calvin Cycle in the mesophyll, and CO2 is fixed in the mesophyll at night. Both C4 and CAM plants conserve water loss while maintaining photosynthesis.