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# Cardiovascular ## Parts of the heart and their function * **Aorta:** transporting oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body. * **Superior Vena Cava:** carrying deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body back to the right atrium of the heart. * **Inferior Vena Cava:**...

# Cardiovascular ## Parts of the heart and their function * **Aorta:** transporting oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body. * **Superior Vena Cava:** carrying deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body back to the right atrium of the heart. * **Inferior Vena Cava:** carry deoxygenated blood from the lower body back to the heart for oxygenation. * **Pulmonary Artery:** carry blood from the heart to the lungs. * **Pulmonary Vein:** carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart. * **Right Atrium:** receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle. * **Left Atrium:** receives blood full of oxygen from the lungs and then empties the blood into the left ventricle. * **Right Ventricle:** pumps blood low in oxygen to the lungs. * **Left Ventricle:** pumps oxygenated blood to the body. * **Aortic Valve:** controls blood flow into the aorta and keeps blood moving in one direction. * **Pulmonary Valve:** helps oxygen-poor blood reach your lungs. * **Tricuspid Valve:** to control the flow of blood from your heart's top chamber (right atrium) to the bottom chamber (right ventricle). ## Structure and functions of the blood vessels 1. **ARTERIES** $\implies$ **ARTERIOLES** $\implies$ **CAPILLARIES** * Carry blood away * Walls of the arteries regulate the diameter of the blood vessel 2. **VEINS** $\implies$ **VENULES** $\implies$ **CAPILLARIES** * Return blood to the heart from the body organs. * Has one-way valve. * Thin-walled blood vessel. ## Blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) * **SYSTOLIC PRESSURE:** the peak of maximum pressure when ejection occurs. * **DIASTOLIC PRESSURE:** occurs when the ventricles relax. ## The systemic circulation Carries oxygenated blood through the left ventricle and arteries to capillaries in the body tissues. # Hepatobiliary ## Structure and functions of the liver * Metabolic system * Convert nutrients * Detoxifies ## Layers of the heart muscles (epicardium, myocardium, endocardium) * **Epicardium:** outermost layer * **Myocardium:** middle layer * **Endocardium:** innermost layer # GIT/Urinary ## Functions of the kidneys 1. Remove waste product and excess fluid. 2. Participates in: * Homeostasis * Regulating acid-base balance * Electrolyte concentrations * Extracellular fluid volume * Blood pressure ## The bile and gallbladder ### GALLBLADDER * Pear-shaped, located under the liver. * Store and concentrate bile produces by the liver. * Part of the biliary tree ### BILE * Made in liver * Stored in gallbladder * Helps with digestion * Absorption of fats * Excretion ## Parts of the urinary system * Kidney * Ureters * Bladder * Urethra ## Causes of kidney problems/diseases 1. Congenital, born with abnormality. 2. Diabetes high blood sugar. 3. High blood pressure (hypertension).