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## Trophic Cascades ### Types of keystone species: 1. Predator 2. Prey (Herbivore) 3. Ecosystem engineer (beaver) 4. Mutualist (bees) 5. Plants ### Trophic cascade: Is a group of direct and indirect effects, resulting from changes in adding or removing species in ecosystem. ### Example 1:...

## Trophic Cascades ### Types of keystone species: 1. Predator 2. Prey (Herbivore) 3. Ecosystem engineer (beaver) 4. Mutualist (bees) 5. Plants ### Trophic cascade: Is a group of direct and indirect effects, resulting from changes in adding or removing species in ecosystem. ### Example 1: | Trophic levels: | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | | :-------------- | :------ | :---------- | :----- | :---- | | | grass | grasshopper | frog | snake | | | + | - | + | remove| | | indirect | | direct | you change| | | | | | direct| ### Example 2: | Trophic levels: | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | | :-------------- | :---- | :--------- | :-------- | :------ | | | plant | herbivore | omnivore | carnivore | | | - | + | - | + | | | indirect| direct | indirect| direct | | | | you make this change|