Computational Science Lecture Notes PDF

S-CSPE001 BCS43 CS PROFESSIONAL ELECTIVE 1 (COMPUTA... https://dlsud.edu20.org/student_lesson/show/4891439?lesson_id=2246... Home S-CSPE001 BCS43 CS PROFESSIONAL ELECTIVE 1 (COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE) LEC 1st Sem ( 2024-2025 ) Midterm: Chapter 1 - Introduction...

S-CSPE001 BCS43 CS PROFESSIONAL ELECTIVE 1 (COMPUTA... https://dlsud.edu20.org/student_lesson/show/4891439?lesson_id=2246... Home S-CSPE001 BCS43 CS PROFESSIONAL ELECTIVE 1 (COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE) LEC 1st Sem ( 2024-2025 ) Midterm: Chapter 1 - Introduction to Computational Science Lesson Proper and Learning Activities Immersive Reader Introduction to Computational Science Computer Science vs Computational Science Computer Science is about the science of computers. the study of computers and computing, including their theoretical and algorithmic foundations, hardware and software, and their uses for processing information. The discipline of computer science includes the study of algorithms and data structures, computer and network design, modeling data and information processes, and artificial intelligence. Computational Science is about the use of computers to solve science and engineering problems. It is a discipline concerned with the design, implementation and use of mathematical models to analyze and solve scientific problems. The term refers to the use of computers to perform simulations or numerical analysis of a scientific system or process. A clear definition of Computational Science- An interdisciplinary field which relies on mathematical modeling, computation and simulation to solve problems in science. Related Disciplines 1 of 11 10/14/2024, 12:26 AM S-CSPE001 BCS43 CS PROFESSIONAL ELECTIVE 1 (COMPUTA... https://dlsud.edu20.org/student_lesson/show/4891439?lesson_id=2246... 2 of 11 10/14/2024, 12:26 AM S-CSPE001 BCS43 CS PROFESSIONAL ELECTIVE 1 (COMPUTA... https://dlsud.edu20.org/student_lesson/show/4891439?lesson_id=2246... Computational Science as the Third Pillar of Modern Science In this video, we consider only the aspect of Computational Science not the Data Visualization technique. Learning Activity 1. After watching the video, please share one new learning or insights about Computational Science. 3 of 11 10/14/2024, 12:26 AM S-CSPE001 BCS43 CS PROFESSIONAL ELECTIVE 1 (COMPUTA... https://dlsud.edu20.org/student_lesson/show/4891439?lesson_id=2246... Advances in science and engineering have come traditionally from the application of the scientific method using theory and experimentation to pose and test our ideas about the nature of our world from multiple perspectives. Through experimentation and observation, scientists develop theories that are then tested with additional experimentation. The cause-and-effect relationships associated with those discoveries can then be represented by mathematical expressions that approximate the behavior of the system being studied. With the rapid development of computers, scientists and engineers translated those mathematical expressions into computer codes that allowed them to imitate the operation of the system over time. This process is called simulation. A model is an abstraction or simplification of a real-world 4 of 11 10/14/2024, 12:26 AM S-CSPE001 BCS43 CS PROFESSIONAL ELECTIVE 1 (COMPUTA... https://dlsud.edu20.org/student_lesson/show/4891439?lesson_id=2246... object or phenomenon that helps us gain insights into the state or behavior of a complex system. A mathematical model is a representation of a phenomenon or system that is used to provide insights and predictions about system behavior. Simulation is the application of a model to imitate the behavior of the system under a variety of circumstances. Models and simulations have always been an essential part of the human experience: as we get up in the morning, we crank up our mental model of the little world around us, run a few simulations in our mind on how we are going to deal with the problems and people we will meet during the day, try out different approaches, evaluate the likely outcomes, and start the day with a plan. It will not protect us from failures and surprises, but it will have prepared us to deal more effectively with whatever tasks await us. In this course, we shall deal with the same approach—except that the mental model is translated into a computer model, and the simulations of alternative outcomes under different conditions are made on the computer. The main advantage is that the computer can track the multitude of implications of complex relationships and their dynamic consequences much more reliably than the human mind. Models and simulations of many kinds are tools for dealing with reality: they are as old as humanity itself. Humans have always used mental models to better understand reality, to make plans, to consider different possibilities, to share their ideas with others, to try out changes and alternatives, to develop blueprints for realization of some ideas, or to convince themselves and others that certain ideas cannot be realized. Contributions of Modeling to Advances in Science and Engineering We trace the history of computation and modeling to illustrate how the combination of advances in computing hardware, software, and scientific knowledge has led to the integration of computational modeling techniques throughout the sciences and engineering. 5 of 11 10/14/2024, 12:26 AM S-CSPE001 BCS43 CS PROFESSIONAL ELECTIVE 1 (COMPUTA... https://dlsud.edu20.org/student_lesson/show/4891439?lesson_id=2246... Table 1: Timeline of Advances in Computer Power and Scientific Modeling Table 1 presents the tremendous growth in the power of the computers used in large-scale scientific computation. Advances in electronics and computer design have brought us from the ENIAC with 400 flops to Blue Waters with 13.34 petaflops, an increase in the maximum number of floating-point operations per second of more than 1015! Table 2 Timeline of Advances in Computer Power and Scientific Modeling 6 of 11 10/14/2024, 12:26 AM S-CSPE001 BCS43 CS PROFESSIONAL ELECTIVE 1 (COMPUTA... https://dlsud.edu20.org/student_lesson/show/4891439?lesson_id=2246... 7 of 11 10/14/2024, 12:26 AM S-CSPE001 BCS43 CS PROFESSIONAL ELECTIVE 1 (COMPUTA... https://dlsud.edu20.org/student_lesson/show/4891439?lesson_id=2246... Table 2 documents developments in computational chemistry, aeronautics and structures, and selected achievements in software and algorithms. The scientific advances were made possible not only by improvements in the hardware but also by the invention of programming languages, compilers, and the algorithms that are used to make the mathematical calculations underlying the models. As with weather modeling, one can trace the advancement of computational chemistry from the first simulation of molecules to the screening of drugs by modeling their binding to biomolecules. In aeronautics, the simulation of airflow over a wing in two dimensions has advanced to the three-dimensional simulation of a full airplane to create a final design. 8 of 11 10/14/2024, 12:26 AM S-CSPE001 BCS43 CS PROFESSIONAL ELECTIVE 1 (COMPUTA... https://dlsud.edu20.org/student_lesson/show/4891439?lesson_id=2246... Some Contemporary Examples of Large-Scale Simulations Vogelsberger et al. created a model of galaxy formation comprised of 12 billion resolution elements showing the evolution of the universe from 12 million years after the Big Bang evolving over a period of 13.8 billion years (Vogelsberger et al., 2014). The reports on global warming use comprehensive models of the earth’s climate including components on the atmosphere and hydrosphere (ocean circulation and temperature, rainfall, polar ice caps) to forecast the long-term impacts on our climate and ecosystems (Pachauri and Meyer, 2014). https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/37530/1/IPCC_AR5_SYR_Final.pdf The above figure presents the summary of projected changes in crop yields (mostly wheat, maize, rice and soy) due to climate change over the 21st century. The figure combines 1090 data points from crop model projections, covering different emission scenarios, tropical and temperate regions and adaptation and no-adaptation cases. The projections are sorted into the 20-year periods (horizontal axis) during which their midpoint occurs. Changes in crop yields are relative to late 20th century levels and data for each time period sum to 100%. Relatively few studies have considered impacts on cropping systems for scenarios where global mean temperatures increase by 4°C or more. {WGII Figure SPM.7} 9 of 11 10/14/2024, 12:26 AM S-CSPE001 BCS43 CS PROFESSIONAL ELECTIVE 1 (COMPUTA... https://dlsud.edu20.org/student_lesson/show/4891439?lesson_id=2246... Modeling and simulation have also become a key part of the process and designing, testing, and producing products and services. Where the building of physical prototypes or the completion of laboratory experiments may take weeks or months and cost millions of dollars, industry is instead creating virtual experiments that can be completed in a short time at greatly reduced costs. A very timely example of modeling and simulation application is COVID-19 Pandemic Concerns. A current research work below. How simulation modelling can help reduce the impact of COVID-19. Journal of Simulation, 14(2), 83-97. Currie, C. S., Fowler, J. W., Kotiadis, K., Monks, T., Onggo, B. S., Robertson, D. A., & Tako, A. A. (2020). https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17477778.2020.1751570 10 of 11 10/14/2024, 12:26 AM S-CSPE001 BCS43 CS PROFESSIONAL ELECTIVE 1 (COMPUTA... https://dlsud.edu20.org/student_lesson/show/4891439?lesson_id=2246... The figure above is taken from the paper which depicts the summary of the key decisions and how they fit into the geographic and time-based scales. The diagram shows, different colors describe the potential modelling techniques to be use. 11 of 11 10/14/2024, 12:26 AM