Evolution & Ecology Lecture Notes PDF

Ecology Week 5 Lecture 8 – Evolutionary Ecology  DNA: The Blueprint DNA vs Genes?  DNA: The Blueprint DNA vs Genes? Genes code for proteins. All genes are made of DNA, but not all DNA are genes Human Genome 6 billion base pairs...

Ecology Week 5 Lecture 8 – Evolutionary Ecology  DNA: The Blueprint DNA vs Genes?  DNA: The Blueprint DNA vs Genes? Genes code for proteins. All genes are made of DNA, but not all DNA are genes Human Genome 6 billion base pairs 20,000 genes Only 1.5% of base pairs are part of genes Human Genome 6 billion base pairs 20,000 genes Only 1.5% of base pairs are part of genes What is the rest doing? Human Genome 6 billion base pairs 20,000 genes Only 1.5% of base pairs are part of genes What is the rest doing? – Gene expression – Structure – Pseudogenes Sexual Reproduction Genotype to Phenotype Genotype Phenotype Genotype to Phenotype North Koreans < South Koreans by 2.2 inches  Genotype to Phenotype Terminology: Allele Genotype Heterozygous Homozygous Dominant Allele Recessive Allele SNP Ability to taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) controlled by single dominant allele (& single SNP inactivates)  Genotype to Phenotype Codominant alleles:  Genotype to Phenotype Other examples of point mutations (SNPs): – Tay-Sachs Disease – Sickle-cell anemia – Cystic fibrosis – Albinism  Genotype to Phenotype Most aspects of phenotype not that simple! – Polygenic – Pleiotropy Most Traits Have Continuous Variation: For e.g., hundreds of genes may affect height  Genotype to Phenotype Most aspects of phenotype not that simple! – Polygenic: When a trait affected by many genes – Pleiotropy: When one gene affects many traits Genbank Blast function: Gene expression Bacteria in H20 Gene function  Genotype to Phenotype Inbreeding: Why is mating between close relatives ‘dangerous’? Rare harmful recessive mutations Name Group # Date, Topic, and Book Chapter Moore, Jameicia 10 Thursday, November 14 Gilliland, Noah 1 Thursday, October 3 Roth, Lucy 10 (Any topic/ chapter) Abecia, Pearl 10 Brereton, Sophia 1 12. Population distributions Voss, Jenn 11 Thursday, November 14 Middleton, Toby James 1 Chp. 10 O'Sullivan, Kate 11 (Any topic/ chapter) Cooley, Maddie 2 Tuesday, October 8 Nguyen, Phuong 11 Raspberry, Daniel 2 13. Population growth & regulation Camp, Alan 12 Thursday, November 14 Poirot, Rilee 2 Chp. 11, 12 Hooss, Hannah 12 (Any topic/ chapter) Reyes, Anahi 3 Tuesday, October 22 Hopp, Lauren 13 Tuesday, November 19 Milliken, Audrey 13 21. Primary production Muise, Clarissa 3 15. Species interactions Ballenger, Nick 13 Chp. 19:442-455 Karasalihovic, Edita 3 Chp. 14, 16 Holloman, Jada 14 Thursday, November 21 Smith, Maddie 4 Thursday, October 24 Bajric, Melisa 14 22. Energy & food chains Maddox, Sam 4 16. Dynamics of predation Bunting, Jack 14 Chp 19:456-465 Le, Jesse 4 Chp. 13 Lu, Nathan 15 Tuesday, December 3 Gonia, Noah 15 23. Movement of elements Ott, James 5 Tuesday, October 29 Wilson, Greg 15 Chp 20:466-477 Turner, Kheriss 5 17. Competition and the niche Morgan-Oliver, Halee 16 Thursday, December 5 Almamoori, Mohammed 5 Chp. 15 Gordon, Patricia 16 24. Nutrient regeneration Deffenbaugh, Bethany 6 Thursday, October 31 Lakey, Ashley 16 Chp 20:478-489 Matronia, Amber 6 18. Community structure Adebiyi, Abiola 6 Chp. 17 Wagner, Jack 7 Tuesday, November 5 Drake, Drake 7 19. Community succession Gregory, Lauren 7 Chp. 18 Wulf, Nicholas 8 Thursday, November 7 White, Alexis 8 20. Biogeography Ottens, Aidan 8 Chp. 21 Waniolka, Kasia 9 Thursday, November 14 Walker, Kyliyah 9 (Any topic/ chapter) Ruamwijitphong, Isabel 9 Genotype to Phenotype Genotype Phenotype Selection acts on phenotype Selection acts on phenotype Flycatcher -Different mutations for same phenotype  Selection Natural selection Sexual selection Artificial selection 22  Selection Natural selection: – Differential survival or reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. Sexual selection: – Selection by one sex for specific traits in the other sex Artificial selection: 23  Selection Natural selection: – Differential survival or reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. Sexual selection: – Selection by one sex for specific traits in the other sex Artificial selection: – Selection by humans for traits in crops/ domesticated animals 24 Corn Domestication Brassica oleracea Domestication  Gene Pool All of the alleles of the genes in a population E.g. gene pool for blood type in America: – 61.3% O alleles – 30.0% A alleles – 8.7% B alleles In individuals, different combos make different genotypes: AA, AB, etc. Evolution = change in a population’s gene pool  Gene Tree Present Generation Time Gene pool at specific time  Microevolution – Below level of species; population-level variation Macroevolution – Above level of species, fixed changes (and formation of new species) Peppered moth 29  Evolution & Ecology Ecology, e.g. interactions with other organisms and its environment, determines how a population will evolve Life can be thought of as: “The ecological theatre and the evolutionary play” – G Evelyn Hutchinson, 1960 How to study? Pattern vs. process  Three Examples of Evolution in Response to Change in Environment: Evolution in Response to Enviro Change Scale Insects Micro or Macro? Evolution in Response to Enviro Change Peppered Moth 1950s = anti- pollution laws Evolution in Response to Enviro Change Confirmation of selection from predation: Cook et al, 2012 Evolution in Response to Enviro Change Male Mutant allele Male -Cricket introduced to Hawaii in 1800s, Female parasitoid fly in 1990s Types of Selection  African finches Competition can cause disruptive selection: