Clinically Oriented Anatomy PDF - Textbook

Clinically Oriented Anatomy EIGHTH EDITION Keith L. Moore, MSc, PhD, Hon. DSc, FIAC, FRSM, FAAA Professor Emeritus in Division of Anatomy Department of Surgery Former Chair of Anatomy Associate Dean for Basic Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada Arth...

Clinically Oriented Anatomy EIGHTH EDITION Keith L. Moore, MSc, PhD, Hon. DSc, FIAC, FRSM, FAAA Professor Emeritus in Division of Anatomy Department of Surgery Former Chair of Anatomy Associate Dean for Basic Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada Arthur F. Dalley II, PhD, FAAA Professor, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Adjunct Professor, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Co-Director, Brain, Behavior, and Movement Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Adjunct Professor of Anatomy Belmont University School of Physical Therapy Nashville, Tennessee Anne M. R. Agur, BSc (OT), MSc, PhD Professor, Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine Department of Physical Therapy, Department of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy Division of Biomedical Communications, Institute of Medical Science Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Graduate Department of Dentistry University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada 1 2 Acquisitions Editor: Crystal Taylor In-House Development Editor: Andrea Vosburgh Freelance Developmental Editor: Kathleen Scogna Editorial Coordinator: Annette Ferran Marketing Manager: Michael McMahon Production Project Manager: David Saltzberg Designer: Terry Mallon Art Director, Digital Content: Jennifer Clements Artists: Imagineeringart.com, Inc.; Dragonfly Media Group Manufacturing Coordinator: Margie Orzech Prepress Vendor: SPi Global Eighth Edition Copyright © 2018 Wolters Kluwer Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006, 1999, 1992, 1985, 1980 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Wolters Kluwer at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, via email at [email protected], or via our website at lww.com (products and services). 987654321 Printed in China Fifth edition translations: Albanian, 2010, Tabernakul Publishers Complex Chinese, 2008, The Leader Book Company, Ltd. French, 2007, DeBoeck Superieur 3 Indonesian, 2009, Penerbit Erlangga Italian, 2008, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana Japanese, 2008, MEDSI, Medical Sciences International Korean, 2008, Shin Heung MedScience, Inc. Macedonian, 2010, Tabernakul Publishers Portuguese, 2007, Editora Guanabara Koogan Serbian, 2009, Romanov Publishing Group Spanish, 2007, Editorial Medica Panamericana, S.A. Sixth edition translations: Arabic, 2012, al-Munajed Publishing/A-Z Books French, 2011, Deboeck Superieur Greek, 2011, Broken Hill, Ltd. Korean, 2011, ShinHeung MedScience, Inc. Portuguese, 2011, Editora Guanabara Koogan Romanian, 2012, Callisto Med/Science Publications Spanish, 2010, Wolters Kluwer Health Spanish Language Program Turkish, 2013, Nobel Tip Kitabevi Seventh edition translations: Simplified Chinese, 2015, Henan Scientific & Technological Press French, 2015, DeBoeck Superieur Italian, 2015, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana Japanese, 2015, MEDSI - Medical Sciences International Polish, 2015, Wydawnictwo Medyczne i Farmaceutyczne MedPharm Polska Sp. zo Portuguese, 2015, Editora Guanabara Koogan Spanish, 2015, Wolters Kluwer Health Spanish Language Program Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 4 Names: Moore, Keith L., author. | Agur, A. M. R., author. | Dalley, Arthur F., II, author. Title: Clinically oriented anatomy / Keith L. Moore, Arthur F. Dalley II, Anne M. R. Agur. Description: 8th edition. | Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer, Identifiers: LCCN 2017013157 | ISBN 9781496347213 Subjects: | MESH: Anatomy Classification: LCC QM23.2 | NLM QS 4 | DDC 612—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017013157 This work is provided “as is,” and the publisher disclaims any and all warranties, express or implied, including any warranties as to accuracy, comprehensiveness, or currency of the content of this work. This work is no substitute for individual patient assessment based upon healthcare professionals’ examination of each patient and consideration of, among other things, age, weight, gender, current or prior medical conditions, medication history, laboratory data and other factors unique to the patient. The publisher does not provide medical advice or guidance and this work is merely a reference tool. Healthcare professionals, and not the publisher, are solely responsible for the use of this work including all medical judgments and for any resulting diagnosis and treatments. Given continuous, rapid advances in medical science and health information, independent professional verification of medical diagnoses, indications, appropriate pharmaceutical selections and dosages, and treatment options should be made and healthcare professionals should consult a variety of sources. When prescribing medication, healthcare professionals are advised to consult the product information sheet (the manufacturer’s package insert) accompanying each drug to verify, among other things, conditions of use, warnings and side effects and identify any changes in dosage schedule or contraindications, particularly if the medication to be administered is new, infrequently used or has a narrow therapeutic range. To the maximum extent permitted under applicable law, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property, as a matter of products liability, negligence law or otherwise, or from any reference to or use by any person of this work. LWW.com 5 6 Not authorised for sale in United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Puerto Rico, and U.S. Virgin Islands. Acquisitions Editor: Crystal Taylor In-House Development Editor: Andrea Vosburgh Freelance Developmental Editor: Kathleen Scogna Editorial Coordinator: Annette Ferran Marketing Manager: Michael McMahon Production Project Manager: David Saltzberg Designer: Terry Mallon Art Director, Digital Content: Jennifer Clements Artists: Imagineeringart.com, Inc.; Dragonfly Media Group Manufacturing Coordinator: Margie Orzech Prepress Vendor: SPi Global Eighth Edition Copyright © 2018 Wolters Kluwer Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006, 1999, 1992, 1985, 1980 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Wolters Kluwer at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, via email at [email protected], or via our website at lww.com (products and services). 987654321 Printed in China Fifth edition translations: Albanian, 2010, Tabernakul Publishers 7 Complex Chinese, 2008, The Leader Book Company, Ltd. French, 2007, DeBoeck Superieur Indonesian, 2009, Penerbit Erlangga Italian, 2008, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana Japanese, 2008, MEDSI, Medical Sciences International Korean, 2008, Shin Heung MedScience, Inc. Macedonian, 2010, Tabernakul Publishers Portuguese, 2007, Editora Guanabara Koogan Serbian, 2009, Romanov Publishing Group Spanish, 2007, Editorial Medica Panamericana, S.A. Sixth edition translations: Arabic, 2012, al-Munajed Publishing/A-Z Books French, 2011, Deboeck Superieur Greek, 2011, Broken Hill, Ltd. Korean, 2011, ShinHeung MedScience, Inc. Portuguese, 2011, Editora Guanabara Koogan Romanian, 2012, Callisto Med/Science Publications Spanish, 2010, Wolters Kluwer Health Spanish Language Program Turkish, 2013, Nobel Tip Kitabevi Seventh edition translations: Simplified Chinese, 2015, Henan Scientific & Technological Press French, 2015, DeBoeck Superieur Italian, 2015, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana Japanese, 2015, MEDSI - Medical Sciences International Polish, 2015, Wydawnictwo Medyczne i Farmaceutyczne MedPharm Polska Sp. zo Portuguese, 2015, Editora Guanabara Koogan Spanish, 2015, Wolters Kluwer Health Spanish Language Program 8 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Moore, Keith L., author. | Agur, A. M. R., author. | Dalley, Arthur F., II, author. Title: Clinically oriented anatomy / Keith L. Moore, Arthur F. Dalley II, Anne M. R. Agur. Description: 8th edition. | Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer, Identifiers: LCCN 2017013157 | ISBN 9781496347213 Subjects: | MESH: Anatomy Classification: LCC QM23.2 | NLM QS 4 | DDC 612—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017013157 This work is provided “as is,” and the publisher disclaims any and all warranties, express or implied, including any warranties as to accuracy, comprehensiveness, or currency of the content of this work. This work is no substitute for individual patient assessment based upon healthcare professionals’ examination of each patient and consideration of, among other things, age, weight, gender, current or prior medical conditions, medication history, laboratory data and other factors unique to the patient. The publisher does not provide medical advice or guidance and this work is merely a reference tool. Healthcare professionals, and not the publisher, are solely responsible for the use of this work including all medical judgments and for any resulting diagnosis and treatments. Given continuous, rapid advances in medical science and health information, independent professional verification of medical diagnoses, indications, appropriate pharmaceutical selections and dosages, and treatment options should be made and healthcare professionals should consult a variety of sources. When prescribing medication, healthcare professionals are advised to consult the product information sheet (the manufacturer’s package insert) accompanying each drug to verify, among other things, conditions of use, warnings and side effects and identify any changes in dosage schedule or contraindications, particularly if the medication to be administered is new, infrequently used or has a narrow therapeutic range. To the maximum extent permitted under applicable law, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property, as a matter of products liability, negligence law or otherwise, or from any reference to or use by any person of this work. 9 LWW.com 10  In Loving Memory of Marion To my lovely wife and best friend for her endless support and patience. Her forbearance allowed me to spend countless hours in isolation to write the first three editions of the Clinically Oriented Anatomy. Marion received a BA in 1977, and she carefully read every line of the manuscripts. Wonderful memories keep her in my heart and mind. I am grateful to my daughter Pam (B.Ed.) who assumed the office duties and to my son-in-law, Ron Crowe, for his technical skills. Both have helped me in reviewing the manuscript for this book. (KLM) To Our Children and Grandchildren I am very proud of our five children—Warren, Pam, Karen, Laurel, and Kate, and our nine grandchildren—Kristin, Lauren, Caitlin, Mitchel, Jayme, Courtney, Brooke, Melissa, Alicia, and the First Great Grandchild, James. (KLM) To Muriel and Our Family My bride, best friend, counselor, and mother of our sons; and to our family—Tristan, Lana, Elijah, Finley, Sawyer, and Dashiell; Denver; and Skyler, Sara, and Dawson—with love and great appreciation for their support, understanding, good humor, and —most of all—patience. (AFD) To Enno and Our Family To my husband, Enno, and to my family, Kristina, Erik, and Amy, for their support and encouragement. (AMRA) To Our Students We hope you will enjoy reading this book, increase your understanding of clinically oriented anatomy, pass your exams, 11 and be excited and well prepared for your careers in patient care, research, and teaching. You will remember some of what you hear, much of what you read, more of what you see, and almost all of what you experience and understand fully. To Professors May our book be a helpful resource for you. We appreciate the numerous constructive comments we have received over the years from you. Your remarks have been invaluable to us in improving this edition. To Anatomical Donors With sincere appreciation to all those who donate their bodies for anatomical study and research, without whom anatomical textbooks and atlases, and anatomical study in general would not be possible. 12 Keith L. Moore, MSc, PhD, Hon. DSc, FIAC, FRSM, FAAA Dr. Moore has been the recipient of many prestigious awards and recognitions. He has received the highest awards for excellence in human anatomy education at the medical, dental, graduate, and undergraduate levels—and for his remarkable record of textbook publications in clinically oriented anatomy and embryology—from both the American Association of Anatomists (AAA: Distinguished Educator Award, 2007) and the American Association of Clinical Anatomists (AACA: Honored Member Award, 1994). In 2008, Dr. Moore was inducted as a Fellow of the American Association of Anatomists. The rank of Fellow honors distinguished members who have demonstrated excellence in science and their overall contributions to the medical sciences. In 2012, Dr. Moore received an honorary Doctor of Science degrees from The Ohio State University and the University of Western Ontario, the Queen Elizabeth II 13 Diamond Jubilee Medal honoring significant contributions and achievements by Canadians, and the R. Benton Adkins, Jr. Distinguished Service Award for his outstanding record of service to the American Association of Clinical Anatomists. Arthur F. Dalley II Arthur F. Dalley II, PhD, FAAA 14 Anne M.R. Agur, BSc (OT), MSc, PhD 15  Preface A third of a century has passed since the first edition of Clinically Oriented Anatomy appeared on bookstore shelves. Although the factual basis of anatomy is remarkable among basic sciences for its longevity and consistency, this book has evolved markedly since its inception. This is a reflection of changes in the clinical application of anatomy, new imaging technologies that reveal living anatomy in new ways, and improvements in graphic and publication technology that enable superior demonstration of this information. Efforts continue to make this book even more student friendly and authoritative. The eighth edition has been thoroughly reviewed by students, anatomists, and clinicians for accuracy and relevance and revised with significant new changes and updates. KEY FEATURES Clinically Oriented Anatomy has been widely acclaimed for the relevance of its clinical correlations. As in previous editions, the eighth edition places clinical emphasis on anatomy that is important in physical diagnosis for primary care, interpretation of diagnostic imaging, and understanding the anatomical basis of emergency medicine and general surgery. Special attention has been directed toward assisting students in learning the anatomy they will need to know in the 21st century, and to this end, new features have been added and existing features updated. EXTENSIVE ART PROGRAM The extensive revision of the art program that distinguished the seventh edition continues into the eighth edition. Most illustrations were revised for the seventh edition, improving accuracy and consistency and giving classical art derived from Grant’s Atlas of Anatomy a fresh, vital, new appearance. The eighth edition includes further updates to figures and labeling to maximize clarity and 16 efficiency. Efforts started with the fourth edition continue to ensure that all the anatomy presented and covered in the text is also illustrated. The text and illustrations were developed to work together for optimum pedagogical effect, aiding the learning process, and markedly reducing the amount of searching required to find structures. The great majority of the clinical conditions are supported by photographs and/or color illustrations; multipart illustrations often combine dissections, line art, and medical images; and tables are accompanied by illustrations to aid the student’s understanding of the structures efficiently described. CLINICAL BLUE BOXES Widely known as “blue boxes,” the highlighted clinical correlations are now titled “Clinical Blue Boxes.” They have evolved with changes in practice, and many of them are supported by photographs and/or dynamic color illustrations to help with understanding the practical value of anatomy. In this edition, the clinical boxes have undergone extensive review and revision and reflect many recent medical advances. Topics in the Clinical Blue Boxes are classified by the following icons to indicate the type of clinical information covered: Anatomical variations feature anatomical variations that may be encountered in the dissection lab or in practice, emphasizing the clinical importance of awareness of such variations. Life cycle boxes emphasize prenatal developmental factors that affect postnatal anatomy and anatomical phenomena specifically associated with stages of life—childhood, adolescence, adult, and advanced age. Trauma boxes feature the effects of traumatic events—such as fractures of bones or dislocations of joints—on normal anatomy and the clinical 17 manifestations and dysfunction resulting from such injuries. Diagnostic procedures discuss the anatomical features and observations that play a role in physical diagnosis. Surgical procedures address such topics as the anatomical basis of surgical procedures, such as the planning of incisions, and the anatomical basis of regional anesthesia. Pathology boxes cover the effects of disease on normal anatomy, such as cancer of the breast, and anatomical structures or principles involved in the confinement or dissemination of disease within the body. THE BOTTOM LINE SUMMARIES Frequent “The Bottom Line” boxes summarize the preceding information, ensuring that primary concepts do not become lost in the many details necessary for thorough understanding. These summaries provide a convenient means of ongoing review and underscore the “big picture” point of view. ANATOMY DESCRIBED IN A PRACTICAL, FUNCTIONAL CONTEXT A more realistic approach to the musculoskeletal system emphasizes the action and use of muscles and muscle groups in daily activities, emphasizing gait and grip. The eccentric contraction of muscles, which accounts for much of their activity, is now discussed along with the concentric contraction that is typically the sole focus in anatomy texts. This perspective is important to most health 18 professionals, including the growing number of physical and occupational therapy students using this book. SURFACE ANATOMY AND MEDICAL IMAGING Surface anatomy and medical imaging, formerly presented separately, are integrated into the chapter, presented at the time each region is being discussed, clearly demonstrating anatomy’s relationship to physical examination and diagnosis. Both natural views of unobstructed surface anatomy and illustrations superimposing anatomical structures on surface anatomy photographs are components of each regional chapter. Medical images, focusing on normal anatomy, include plain and contrast radiographic, MRI, CT, and ultrasonography studies, often with correlative line art as well as explanatory text, to help prepare future professionals who need to be familiar with diagnostic images. VIDEOS, CASE STUDIES, AND BOARD REVIEW-STYLE QUESTIONS Clinical Blue Box videos, case studies, and interactive multiple-choice questions are available to students online at http://thePoint.lww.com. These resources provide a convenient and comprehensive means of review and self-testing. TERMINOLOGY The terminology fully adheres to Terminologia Anatomica: International Anatomical Nomenclature (1998), generated by the Federative International Programme on Anatomical Terminologies (FIPAT) and approved by the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA). Although the official English-equivalent terms are used throughout the book, when new terms are introduced, the Latin form, used in Europe, Asia, and other parts of the world, is also provided. The roots and derivations of terms are provided to help students understand meaning and increase retention. Eponyms, although not 19 endorsed by the IFAA, appear in parentheses in this edition—for example, sternal angle (angle of Louis)—to assist students who will hear eponymous terms during their clinical studies. The terminology is available online at http://www.unifr.ch/ifaa. RETAINED AND IMPROVED FEATURES Students and faculty have told us what they want and expect from Clinically Oriented Anatomy, and we listened: A comprehensive text enabling students to fill in the blanks, as time allotted for lectures continues to decrease, laboratory guides become exclusively instructional, and multiauthored lecture notes develop inconsistencies in comprehension, fact, and format. A resource capable of supporting areas of special interest and emphasis within specific anatomy courses that serves the anatomy needs of students during both the basic science and the clinical phases of their studies. Updated organization of the chapters to match that of Grant’s Atlas of Anatomy and Grant’s Dissector. A thorough introductory chapter (Chapter 1: Overview and Basic Concepts) that covers important systemic information and concepts basic to the understanding of the anatomy presented in the subsequent regional chapters. Students from many countries and backgrounds have written to express their views of this book—gratifyingly, most are congratulatory. Health professional students have more diverse backgrounds and experiences than ever before. Curricular constraints often result in unjustified assumptions concerning the prerequisite information necessary for many students to understand the presented material. The introductory chapter includes efficient summaries of functional systemic anatomy. Students’ comments specifically emphasized the need for a systemic description of the nervous system and the peripheral autonomic nervous system (ANS) in particular. The eighth edition is now the first anatomy textbook to acknowledge and describe the structure and function of the enteric nervous system and its unique role in the innervation of the digestive tract. Routine facts (such as muscle attachments, innervations, and actions) presented in tables organized to demonstrate shared qualities and illustrated to demonstrate the provided information. Clinically Oriented Anatomy 20  provides more tables than any other anatomy textbook. Illustrated clinical correlations that not only describe but also show anatomy as it is applied clinically. Illustrations that facilitate orientation. Many orientation figures have been added, along with arrows to indicate the locations of the inset figures (areas shown in close-up views) and viewing sequences. Labels have been placed to minimize the distance between label and object, with leader lines running the most direct course possible. Boldface type indicates the main entries of anatomical terms, when they are introduced and defined. In the index, the page numbers of these main entries also appear in boldface type, so that the main entries can be easily located. Boldface type is also used to introduce clinical terms in the clinical blue boxes. Italic type indicates anatomical terms important to the topic and region of study or labeled in an illustration that is being referenced. Useful content outlines appear at the beginning of every chapter. COMMITMENT TO EDUCATING STUDENTS This book is written for health science students, keeping in mind those who may not have had a previous acquaintance with anatomy. We have tried to present the material in an interesting way so that it can be easily integrated with what will be taught in more detail in other disciplines such as physical diagnosis, medical rehabilitation, and surgery. We hope this text will serve two purposes: to educate and to excite. If students develop enthusiasm for clinical anatomy, the goals of this book will have been fulfilled. Keith L. Moore Arthur F. Dalley II Anne M. R. Agur 21 ABBREVIATIONS a., aa. artery, arteries ant. anterior b.c.e. before the Common (Christian) era C cervical c.e. Common (Christian) era Co coccygeal e.g. for example et al. and others F female Fr. French G. Greek i.e. that is inf. inferior L liter, lumbar L. Latin lev. levator M male m., mm. muscle, muscles Mediev. medieval Mod. modern post. posterior S sacral sup. superior supf. superficial T thoracic 22 TA Terminologia Anatomica TE Terminologia Embryologica TH Terminologia Histologica v., vv. vein, veins vs. versus 23  Acknowledgments We would like to acknowledge the following experts who reviewed and suggested updates for the clinical content in the Clinical Blue Boxes: Hassan Amarilli, MBBS, MS (Surgery), FUICC, Professor and Chair, Department of Anatomy, American University of Antigua College of Medicine, Coolidge, Antigua Esteban Cheng-Ching, MD, Neuro-interventional Specialist, Miami Valley Hospital, Premier Health Specialists; Assistant Professor, Department of Neurology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH Cheryl Iglesia, MD, Director, Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery (FPMRS), MedStar Washington Hospital Center; Professor, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Urology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC Elaine Lonnemann PT, DPT, OCS, FAAOMPT, Associate Professor, Bellarmine University, Louisville, KY Lisa M. Murray, MS; ACSM Certified Exercise Physiologist, Program Coordinator Kinesiology, Nutrition, Health/Wellness and Physical Education, Pierce College, Fort Steilacoom, WA Carol Scott-Conner, EH, MD, PhD, MBA, FACS, Professor Emeritus, Department of Surgery, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA We wish to thank the following colleagues who were invited by the publisher to assist with the development of the eighth edition through their critical analysis: Dawn M. Columb-Lippa, PA-C, MHS, Senior Instructor of Biology, Quinnipiac University College of Arts & Sciences, Hamden, CT Frank J. Daley, PhD, Associate Professor of Biomedical Science, University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine, Biddeford, ME Robert Hage, MD, PhD, DLO, MBA, Professor, Department of Anatomy, St. George’s University, West Indies 24  David Hyland, PhD, Professor, Mercyhurst University, PA Randy Kulesza, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, Assistant Dean—Post Baccalaureate and MS in Biomedical Sciences Programs, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, PA Octavian Calin Lucaciu, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Emad Nosair, MBBS, MSc, PhD, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah University College of Medicine, United Arab Emirates Gregory Page, BMedSci, MBChB, Lecturer, Durham University School of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Health, United Kingdom David Rapaport, PhD, Professor, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, CA James Walker, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, Purdue University; Associate Director, Department of Human Anatomy, Indiana University School of Medicine-Lafayette, IN Luke Welsh, MSc, Anatomy Teaching Fellow and Deputy Director of Anatomy, Keele University School of Medicine, United Kingdom Several students were also invited by the publisher to review the textbook: Shloka Ananthanarayana, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY Laeia Jackson, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, TN Christopher Keup, University of Missouri School of Medicine, MO Isabella Morton, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY In addition to reviewers, many people—some of them unknowingly—helped us by perusing, discussing, or contributing to parts of the manuscript and/or providing constructive criticism of the text and illustrations in this and previous editions. Those indicated as deceased continue to be honored here, not only for their contributions to Clinically Oriented Anatomy but for their major contributions to anatomical knowledge. All anatomists are in their debt—we stand on the shoulders of giants. Dr. Peter Abrahams, Prof. of Clinical Anatomy, Medical Teaching Centre, Institute of Clinical Education, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK Dr. Robert D. Acland (Deceased), Professor of Surgery/Microsurgery, 25 Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky Dr. Edna Becker, Associate Professor of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Dr. Robert T. Binhammer, Emeritus Professor of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, who voluntarily read every page of the Seventh edition of Clinically Oriented Anatomy and provided an extensive review and critique that was very useful in preparing the Eighth edition. Dr. Donald R. Cahill (Deceased), Professor of Anatomy (retired; former Chair), Mayo Medical School; former Editor-in-Chief of Clinical Anatomy, Rochester, Minnesota Dr. Joan Campbell, Assistant Professor of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Dr. Stephen W. Carmichael, Professor Emeritus, Mayo Medical School, Editor-in-Chief of Clinical Anatomy, Rochester, Minnesota Dr. Carmine D. Clemente (Deceased), Professor Emeritus of Anatomy and Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California Dr. James D. Collins, Professor Emeritus of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine/Center for Health Sciences, Los Angeles, California Dr. Raymond F. Gasser, Emeritus Professor of Anatomy, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana Dr. Ralph Ger (Deceased), Professor of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York Dr. Paul Gobee, Assistant Professor, Developer Anatomical E-Learning, Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands Dr. Douglas J. Gould, Professor of Biomedical Sciences, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan Dr. Daniel O. Graney, Professor of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington Dr. David G. Greathouse, former Professor and Chair, Belmont University School of Physical Therapy, Nashville, Tennessee Dr. Scott L. Hagan, former Medical Student, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee Mitchell T. Hayes, 4th year Medical Student, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 26 Dr. Masoom Haider, Assistant Professor of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Dr. John S. Halle, Professor and former Chair, Belmont University School of Physical Therapy, Nashville, Tennessee Dr. Jennifer L. Halpern, Assistant Professor, Orthopedic Surgery— Oncology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee Dr. Nicole Herring, Assistant Professor, Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky Dr. Walter Kuchareczyk, Professor and Neuroradiologist Senior Scientist, Department of Medical Resonance Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Dr. Nirusha Lachman, Professor of Anatomy, Mayo Medical School, Rochester, Minnesota Dr. H. Wayne Lambert, Professor, Neurobiology and Anatomy Department, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia Dr. Michael von Lüdinghausen, University Professor, Anatomy Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (retired) Dr. Shirley McCarthy, Director of MRI, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut Dr. Lillian Nanney, Professor of Plastic Surgery and Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee Dr. Todd R. Olson, Professor Emeritus of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York Dr. Wojciech Pawlina, Professor and Chair of Anatomy, Mayo Medical School, Rochester, Minnesota Dr. T. V. N. Persaud, Professor Emeritus of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Faculties of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Professor of Anatomy and Embryology, St. George’s University, Granada, West Indies Dr. Cathleen C. Pettepher, Professor of Cancer Biology and Assistant Dean for Assessment, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee Dr. Thomas H. Quinn, Professor of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska Dr. Christopher Ramnanan, Assistant Professor, Department of Cellular and Functional Anatomy, Division of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Dr. David Resuehr, Assistant Professor, Department of Cellular, 27  Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama Dr. George E. Salter, Professor of Anatomy (retired), Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama Dr. Ryan Splittgerber, Assistant Professor, Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, and Assistant Professor and Assistant Dean for Education, University of Nebraska College of Allied Health Professions, Kearney, Nebraska. Dr. Tatsuo Sato, Professor and Head (retired), Second Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Professor Colin P. Wendell-Smith, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia (retired) Dr. Andreas H. Weiglein, Professor, Institut fur Anatomie, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria Dr. David G. Whitlock, Professor of Anatomy, University of Colorado Medical School, Denver, Colorado Artwork plays a major role in facilitating learning. We extend our sincere gratitude and appreciation for the skills, talents, and timely work of our medical illustrators. Wynne Auyeung and Natalie Intven from Imagineering did a superb job of managing a team of talented artists to revise most illustrations in the seventh edition for a more consistent, vibrant art program. Wolters Kluwer Director for Art and Digital Content Jennifer Clements has been instrumental to the updating of artistic detail and efficient and accurate labeling in this and the two previous editions. Rob Duckwall from Dragonfly Media Group revised many of the illustrations for the eighth edition. Photographs taken during a major surface anatomy photography project for the fifth edition continue to be a tremendous asset. We are indebted to Joel A. Vilensky, Ph.D., and Edward C. Weber, M.D., for providing the many new medical images that appear in the eighth edition. E. Anne Rayner, Senior Photographer, Vanderbilt Medical Art Group, did an excellent job photographing the surface anatomy models, working in association with authors Arthur Dalley and Anne Agur. We greatly appreciate the contribution the models made to the quality of both the previous and the current edition. Although the number of illustrations from Grant’s Atlas of Anatomy continues to be reduced and replaced by new art, we gratefully acknowledge the excellence of Professor J. C. B. Grant’s dissections and the excellent art rendered by the following: Dorothy Foster Chubb, Elizabeth 28 Blackstock, Nancy Joy, Nina Kilpatrick, David Mazierski, Stephen Mader, Bart Vallecoccia, Sari O’Sullivan, Kam Yu, Caitlin Duckwall, and Valerie Oxorn. Many thanks also go to those at Wolters Kluwer who participated in the development of this edition, including: Crystal Taylor, Senior Acquisitions Editor; Jennifer Clements, Director for Art and Digital Content; and Kathleen Scogna, Development Editor. Finally, thanks are due to the sales and marketing division, which has played a key role in the continued success of this book. Keith L. Moore Arthur F. Dalley II Anne M. R. Agur 29  Contents Preface Acknowledgments List of Clinical Blue Boxes List of Tables Figure Credits 1. OVERVIEW AND BASIC CONCEPTS Approaches to Studying Anatomy Regional Anatomy Systemic Anatomy Clinical Anatomy Anatomicomedical Terminology Anatomical Position Anatomical Planes Terms of Relationship and Comparison Terms of Laterality Terms of Movement Anatomical Variations Integumentary System Fascias, Fascial Compartments, Bursae, and Potential Spaces Skeletal System Cartilage and Bones Classification of Bones 30  Bone Markings and Formations Bone Development Vasculature and Innervation of Bones Joints Muscle Tissue and Muscular System Types of Muscle (Muscle Tissue) Skeletal Muscles Cardiac Striated Muscle Smooth Muscle Cardiovascular System Vascular Circuits Blood Vessels Lymphoid System Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Medical Imaging Techniques Conventional Radiography Computed Tomography Ultrasonography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Nuclear Medicine Imaging 2. BACK Overview of Back and Vertebral Column Vertebrae 31  Structure and Function of Vertebrae Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae Ossification of Vertebrae Variations in Vertebrae Vertebral Column Joints of Vertebral Column Movements of Vertebral Column Curvatures of Vertebral Column Vasculature of Vertebral Column Nerves of Vertebral Column Muscles of Back Extrinsic Back Muscles Intrinsic Back Muscles Surface Anatomy of Back Muscles Suboccipital and Deep Neck Muscles Contents of Vertebral Canal Spinal Cord Spinal Nerves and Nerve Roots Spinal Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Vasculature of Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerve Roots 3. UPPER LIMB Overview of Upper Limb Comparison of Upper and Lower Limbs Bones of Upper Limb Clavicle Scapula Humerus 32  Bones of Forearm Bones of Hand Surface Anatomy of Upper Limb Bones Fascia, Efferent Vessels, Cutaneous Innervation, and Myotomes of Upper Limb Fascia of Upper Limb Venous Drainage of Upper Limb Lymphatic Drainage of Upper Limb Cutaneous Innervation of Upper Limb Motor Innervation (Myotomes) of Upper Limb Pectoral and Scapular Regions Anterior Axio-Appendicular Muscles Posterior Axio-Appendicular and Scapulohumeral Muscles Surface Anatomy of Pectoral, Scapular, and Deltoid Regions Axilla Axillary Artery Axillary Vein Axillary Lymph Nodes Brachial Plexus Arm Muscles of Arm Brachial Artery Veins of Arm Nerves of Arm Cubital Fossa Surface Anatomy of Arm and Cubital Fossa Forearm Compartments of Forearm 33  Muscles of Forearm Arteries of Forearm Veins of Forearm Nerves of Forearm Surface Anatomy of Forearm Hand Fascia and Compartments of Palm Muscles of Hand Long Flexor Tendons and Tendon Sheaths in Hand Arteries of Hand Veins of Hand Nerves of Hand Surface Anatomy of Hand Joints of Upper Limb Sternoclavicular Joint Acromioclavicular Joint Glenohumeral Joint Elbow Joint Proximal Radio-Ulnar Joint Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint Wrist Joint Intercarpal Joints Carpometacarpal and Intermetacarpal Joints Metacarpophalangeal and Interphalangeal Joints 4. THORAX Overview of Thorax Thoracic Wall 34  Skeleton of Thoracic Wall Thoracic Apertures Joints of Thoracic Wall Movements of Thoracic Wall Muscles of Thoracic Wall Fascia of Thoracic Wall Nerves of Thoracic Wall Vasculature of Thoracic Wall Breasts Surface Anatomy of Thoracic Wall Viscera of Thoracic Cavity Pleurae, Lungs, and Tracheobronchial Tree Overview of Mediastinum Pericardium Heart Superior Mediastinum and Great Vessels Posterior Mediastinum Anterior Mediastinum Surface Anatomy of Heart and Mediastinal Viscera Auscultatory Areas 5. ABDOMEN Overview: Walls, Cavities, Regions, and Planes Anterolateral Abdominal Wall Fascia of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall Muscles of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall Neurovasculature of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall Internal Surface of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall 35  Inguinal Region Spermatic Cord, Scrotum, and Testes Surface Anatomy of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity Embryology of Peritoneal Cavity Peritoneal Formations Subdivisions of Peritoneal Cavity Abdominal Viscera Overview of Abdominal Viscera and Digestive Tract Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Spleen Pancreas Liver Biliary Ducts and Gallbladder Kidneys, Ureters, and Suprarenal Glands Summary of Innervation of Abdominal Viscera Diaphragm Vessels and Nerves of Diaphragm Diaphragmatic Apertures Actions of Diaphragm Posterior Abdominal Wall Fascia of Posterior Abdominal Wall Muscles of Posterior Abdominal Wall Nerves of Posterior Abdominal Wall Vessels of Posterior Abdominal Wall 36  Sectional Medical Imaging of Abdomen 6. PELVIS AND PERINEUM Introduction to Pelvis and Perineum Pelvic Girdle Bones and Features of Pelvic Girdle Orientation of Pelvic Girdle Pelvic Girdle Sexual Differences Joints and Ligaments of Pelvic Girdle Pelvic Cavity Walls and Floor of Pelvic Cavity Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity of Pelvis Pelvic Fascia Neurovascular Structures of Pelvis Pelvic Arteries Pelvic Veins Lymph Nodes of Pelvis Pelvic Nerves Pelvic Viscera Urinary Organs Rectum Male Internal Genital Organs Female Internal Genital Organs Lymphatic Drainage of Pelvic Viscera Perineum Fasciae and Pouches of Urogenital Triangle Features of Anal Triangle Male Urogenital Triangle 37  Female Urogenital Triangle Sectional Imaging of Pelvis and Perineum Magnetic Resonance Imaging 7. LOWER LIMB Overview of Lower Limb Development of Lower Limb Bones of Lower Limb Arrangement of Lower Limb Bones Hip Bone Ilium Femur Patella Tibia and Fibula Bones of Foot Surface Anatomy of Bones of Foot Fascia, Veins, Lymphatics, Efferent Vessels, and Cutaneous Nerves of Lower Limb Subcutaneous Tissue and Fascia Venous Drainage of Lower Limb Lymphatic Drainage of Lower Limb Cutaneous Innervation of Lower Limb Motor Innervation of Lower Limb Posture and Gait Standing at Ease Walking: The Gait Cycle Anterior and Medial Regions of Thigh Organization of Proximal Lower Limb 38  Anterior Thigh Muscles Medial Thigh Muscles Neurovascular Structures and Relationships in Anteromedial Thigh Surface Anatomy of Anterior and Medial Regions of Thigh Gluteal and Posterior Thigh Regions Gluteal Region: Buttocks and Hip Region Muscles of Gluteal Region Posterior Thigh Region Neurovascular Structures of Gluteal and Posterior Thigh Regions Surface Anatomy of Gluteal and Posterior Thigh Regions Popliteal Fossa and Leg Popliteal Region Anterior Compartment of Leg Lateral Compartment of Leg Posterior Compartment of Leg Surface Anatomy of Leg Foot Skin and Fascia of Foot Muscles of Foot Neurovascular Structures and Relationships in Foot Surface Anatomy of Ankle and Foot Regions Joints of Lower Limb Hip Joint Knee Joint Tibiofibular Joints Ankle Joint Foot Joints Surface Anatomy of Joints of Knee, Ankle, and Foot 39 8. HEAD Overview of Head Cranium Facial Aspect of Cranium Lateral Aspect of Cranium Occipital Aspect of Cranium Superior Aspect of Cranium External Surface of Cranial Base Internal Surface of Cranial Base Walls of Cranial Cavity Regions of Head Face and Scalp Face Scalp Muscles of Face and Scalp Nerves of Face and Scalp Superficial Vasculature of Face and Scalp Surface Anatomy of Face Cranial Meninges Dura Mater Arachnoid Mater and Pia Mater Meningeal Spaces Brain Parts of Brain Ventricular System of Brain Arterial Blood Supply to Brain Venous Drainage of Brain 40 Eye, Orbit, Orbital Region, and Eyeball Orbits Eyelids and Lacrimal Apparatus Eyeball Extra-Ocular Muscles of Orbit Nerves of Orbit Vasculature of Orbit Surface Anatomy of Eye and Lacrimal Apparatus Parotid and Temporal Regions, Infratemporal Fossa, and Temporomandibular Joint Parotid Region Temporal Region Infratemporal Fossa Oral Region Oral Cavity Lips, Cheeks, and Gingivae Teeth Palate Tongue Salivary Glands Pterygopalatine Fossa Pterygopalatine Part of Maxillary Artery Maxillary Nerve Nose External Nose Nasal Cavities Vasculature and Innervation of Nose Paranasal Sinuses 41  Ear External Ear Middle Ear Internal Ear 9. NECK Overview Bones of Neck Cervical Vertebrae Hyoid Bone Fascia of Neck Cervical Subcutaneous Tissue and Platysma Deep Cervical Fascia Superficial Structures of Neck: Cervical Regions Sternocleidomastoid Region Posterior Cervical Region Lateral Cervical Region Anterior Cervical Region Surface Anatomy of Cervical Regions and Triangles of Neck Deep Structures of Neck Prevertebral Muscles Root of Neck Viscera of Neck Endocrine Layer of Cervical Viscera Respiratory Layer of Cervical Viscera Alimentary Layer of Cervical Viscera Surface Anatomy of Endocrine and Respiratory Layers of Cervical Viscera 42  Lymphatics of Neck 10. SUMMARY OF CRANIAL NERVES Overview Olfactory Nerve (CN I) Optic Nerve (CN II) Oculomotor Nerve (CN III) Trochlear Nerve (CN IV) Trigeminal Nerve (CN V) Ophthalmic Nerve (CN V1) Maxillary Nerve (CN V2) Mandibular Nerve (CN V3) Abducent Nerve (CN VI) Facial Nerve (CN VII) Somatic (Branchial) Motor Visceral (Parasympathetic) Motor Somatic (General) Sensory Special Sensory (Taste) Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII) Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX) Somatic (Branchial) Motor Visceral (Parasympathetic) Motor Somatic (General) Sensory Special Sensory (Taste) Visceral Sensory Vagus Nerve (CN X) Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI) Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII) 43 APPENDIX A INDEX 44  List of Clinical Blue Boxes 1. OVERVIEW AND BASIC CONCEPTS Integumentary System. Skin Color Signs in Physical Diagnosis; Skin Incisions and Scarring; Stretch Marks in Skin; Skin Injuries and Wounds Fascias. Fascial Planes and Surgery Bones. Accessory (Supernumerary) Bones; Heterotopic Bones; Trauma to Bone and Bone Changes; Osteoporosis; Sternal Puncture; Bone Growth and Assessment of Bone Age; Effects of Disease and Diet on Bone Growth; Displacement and Separation of Epiphyses; Avascular Necrosis Joints. Joints of Newborn Cranium; Degenerative Joint Disease; Arthroscopy Skeletal Muscles. Muscle Testing; Muscle Dysfunction and Paralysis; Absence of Muscle Tone; Muscle Soreness and “Pulled” Muscles; Growth and Regeneration of Skeletal Muscle Cardiac and Smooth Muscle. Hypertrophy of the Myocardium and Myocardial Infarction; Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia of Smooth Muscle Cardiovascular System. Arteriosclerosis: Ischemia and Infarction; Varicose Veins Lymphoid System. Spread of Cancer; Lymphangitis, Lymphadenitis, and Lymphedema Central and Peripheral Nervous System. Damage to the CNS; Rhizotomy; Nerve Degeneration and Ischemia of Nerves 2. BACK Vertebrae. Vertebral Body Osteoporosis; Laminectomy; Dislocation of Cervical Vertebrae; Fracture and Dislocation of Atlas; Fracture and Dislocation of Axis; Lumbar Spinal Stenosis; Cervical Ribs; Caudal Epidural Anesthesia; Injury of Coccyx; Abnormal Fusion of Vertebrae; Effect of Aging on Vertebrae; Anomalies of Vertebrae 45 Vertebral Column. Aging of Intervertebral Discs; Back Pain; Herniation of Nucleus Pulposus (Herniation of IV Disc); Spinal Fusion and Intervertebral Disc Replacement; Injury and Disease of Zygapophysial Joints; Fractures and Dislocations of Vertebrae; Fracture of Dens of Axis; Rupture of Transverse Ligament of Atlas; Rupture of Alar Ligaments; Abnormal Curvatures of Vertebral Column Muscles of Back. Back Strains, Sprains, and Spasms; Reduced Blood Supply to Brainstem Contents of Vertebral Canal. Compression of Lumbar Spinal Nerve Roots; Myelography; Development of Meninges and Subarachnoid Space; Lumbar Spinal Puncture; Spinal Anesthesia; Epidural Anesthesia (Blocks); Ischemia of Spinal Cord; Spinal Cord Injuries 3. UPPER LIMB Bones of Upper Limb. Fracture of Clavicle; Ossification of Clavicle; Fractures of Scapula; Fractures of Humerus; Fractures of Radius and Ulna; Fracture of Scaphoid; Fracture of Hamate; Fracture of Metacarpals; Fracture of Phalanges Pectoral, Scapular, and Deltoid Regions. Congenital Absence of a Body Part, Organ, or Tissue (Agenesis); Injury of Long Thoracic Nerve and Paralysis of Serratus Anterior; Triangle of Auscultation; Injury of Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI); Injury of Thoracodorsal Nerve; Injury to Dorsal Scapular Nerve; Injury to Axillary Nerve; Fracture–Dislocation of Proximal Humeral Epiphysis; Rotator Cuff Injuries Axilla. Arterial Anastomoses Around Scapula; Compression of Axillary Artery; Aneurysm of Axillary Artery; Injuries to Axillary Vein; The Axillary Vein in Subclavian Vein Puncture; Infection of Axillary Lymph Nodes; Dissection of Axillary Lymph Nodes; Variations of Brachial Plexus; Brachial Plexus Injuries; Brachial Plexus Block Arm and Cubital Fossa. Bicipital Myotatic Reflex; Biceps Tendinitis/Tendonosis; Dislocation of Tendon of Long Head of Biceps Brachii; Rupture of Tendon of Long Head of Biceps Brachii; Interruption of Blood Flow in Brachial Artery; Nerve Injury in Fracture of Humeral Shaft; Injury to Musculocutaneous Nerve; Injury to Radial Nerve in Arm; Venipuncture in Cubital Fossa Forearm. Elbow Tendinitis/Tendonosis or Lateral Epicondylitis; Mallet or 46 Baseball Finger; Fracture of Olecranon; Synovial Cyst of Wrist; High Division of Brachial Artery; Superficial Ulnar Artery; Measuring Pulse Rate; Variations in Origin of Radial Artery; Median Nerve Injury; Pronator Syndrome; Communications Between Median and Ulnar Nerves; Injury of Ulnar Nerve at Elbow and in Forearm; Cubital Tunnel Syndrome; Injury of Radial Nerve in Forearm (Superficial or Deep Branches) Hand. Dupuytren Contracture of Palmar Fascia; Hand Infections; Tenosynovitis; Laceration of Palmar Arches; Ischemia of Digits (Fingers); Lesions of Median Nerve; Carpal Tunnel Syndrome; Trauma to Median Nerve; Ulnar Canal Syndrome; Handlebar Neuropathy; Radial Nerve Injury in Arm and Hand Disability; Dermatoglyphics; Palmar Wounds and Surgical Incisions Joints of Upper Limb. Dislocation of Sternoclavicular Joint; Ankylosis of Sternoclavicular Joint; Dislocation of Acromioclavicular Joint; Calcific Tendinitis of the Shoulder; Rotator Cuff Injuries; Dislocation of Glenohumeral Joint; Glenoid Labrum Tears; Adhesive Capsulitis of Glenohumeral Joint; Bursitis of Elbow; Avulsion of Medial Epicondyle; Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction; Dislocation of Elbow Joint; Subluxation and Dislocation of Radial Head; Wrist Fractures and Dislocations; Bull Rider’s Thumb; Skier’s Thumb 4. THORAX Thoracic Wall. Chest Pain; Rib Fractures; Flail Chest; Thoracotomy, Intercostal Space Incisions, and Rib Excision; Supernumerary Ribs; Protective Function and Aging of Costal Cartilages; Ossified Xiphoid Processes; Sternal Fractures; Median Sternotomy; Sternal Biopsy; Sternal Anomalies; Thoracic Outlet Syndrome; Dislocation of Ribs; Separation of Ribs; Paralysis of Diaphragm Muscles and Neurovasculature of Thoracic Wall. Dyspnea: Difficult Breathing; Extrapleural Intrathoracic Surgical Access; Herpes Zoster Infection of Spinal Ganglia; Intercostal Nerve Block Breasts. Changes in Breasts; Breast Quadrants; Carcinoma of Breast; Visualizing Breast Structure and Pathology; Surgical Incisions of Breast and Surgical Removal of Breast Pathology; Polymastia, Polythelia, and Amastia; Breast Cancer in Men; Gynecomastia Pleurae, Lungs, and Tracheobronchial Tree. Injuries of Cervical Pleura and Apex of Lung; Injury to Other Parts of Pleurae; Pulmonary Collapse; Pneumothorax, Hydrothorax, and Hemothorax; Thoracentesis; Insertion of Chest 47 Tube; Pleurectomy and Pleurodesis; Thoracoscopy; Pleuritis (Pleurisy); Variations in Lobes of Lung; Appearance of Lungs and Inhalation of Carbon Particles and Irritants; Auscultation of Lungs and Percussion of Thorax; Aspiration of Foreign Bodies; Bronchoscopy; Lung Resections; Segmental Atelectasis; Pulmonary Embolism; Lymphatic Drainage and Pleural Adhesion; Hemoptysis; Bronchogenic Carcinoma; Lung Cancer and Mediastinal Nerves; Pleural Pain; Chest X-ray Mediastinum Overview and Pericardium. Levels of Viscera Relative to Mediastinal Divisions; Mediastinoscopy and Mediastinal Biopsies; Widening of Mediastinum; Surgical Significance of Transverse Pericardial Sinus; Exposure of Venae Cavae; Pericarditis, Pericardial Rub, and Pericardial Effusion; Cardiac Tamponade; Pericardiocentesis; Positional Abnormalities of Heart Heart. Cardiac Catheterization; Embryology of Right Atrium; Septal Defects; Atrial Septal Defects; Ventricular Septal Defects; Percussion of Heart; Stroke or Cerebrovascular Accident; Basis for Naming Cusps and sinuses of Aortic and Pulmonary Valves; Valvular Heart Disease; Mitral Valve Insufficiency (Mitral Valve Prolapse); Pulmonary Valve Stenosis; Pulmonary Valve Incompetence; Aortic Valve Stenosis; Aortic Valve Insufficiency; Echocardiography; Coronary Angiography; Coronary Artery Disease or Coronary Heart Disease; Myocardial Infarction; Coronary Atherosclerosis; Slowly Progressive Coronary Artery Disease; Angina Pectoris; Coronary Bypass Graft; Coronary Angioplasty; Collateral Circulation via the Smallest Cardiac Veins; Electrocardiography; Coronary Occlusion and Conducting System of Heart; Artificial Cardiac Pacemaker; Restarting Heart; Fibrillation of Heart; Defibrillation of Heart; Cardiac Referred Pain Superior, Posterior, and Anterior Mediastinum. Variations of Great Arteries; Branches of Arch of Aorta; Anomalies of Arch of Aorta; Aneurysm of Ascending Aorta; Coarctation of Aorta; Injury to Recurrent Laryngeal Nerves; Blockage of Esophagus; Laceration of Thoracic Duct; Variations of Thoracic Duct; Alternate Venous Routes to Heart; Age Changes in Thymus; Aortic Angiography; Radiography of Mediastinum; CT and MRI of Mediastinum 5. ABDOMEN Fascia and Muscles of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall. Clinical Significance of Fascia and Fascial Spaces of Abdominal Wall; Protuberance of Abdomen; Abdominal Hernias 48 Neurovasculature of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall. Palpation of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall; Superficial Abdominal Reflexes; Injury to Nerves of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall; Abdominal Surgical Incisions; Longitudinal Incisions; Oblique and Transverse Incisions; High-Risk Incisions; Incisional Hernia; Minimally Invasive (Endoscopic) Surgery; Reversal of Venous Flow and Collateral Pathways of Superficial Abdominal Veins Internal Surface of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall and Inguinal Region. Undescended (Cryptorchid) Testis; Postnatal Patency of Umbilical Vein; Metastasis of Uterine Cancer to Labium Majus Spermatic Cord, Scrotum, and Testes. Inguinal Hernias; Cremasteric Reflex; Cysts and Hernias of the Processus Vaginalis; Hydrocele of Spermatic Cord and/or Testis; Hematocele of Testis; Torsion of Spermatic Cord; Anesthetizing Scrotum; Spermatocele and Epididymal Cyst; Vestigial Remnants of Embryonic Genital Ducts; Varicocele; Cancer of Testis and Scrotum Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity. Patency and Blockage of Uterine Tubes; The Peritoneum and Surgical Procedures; Peritonitis and Ascites; Peritoneal Adhesions and Adhesiotomy; Abdominal Paracentesis; Peritoneal Dialysis; Functions of Greater Omentum; Abscess Formation; Spread of Pathological Fluids; Flow of Ascitic Fluid and Pus; Fluid in Omental Bursa; Internal Hernia Through Omental Foramen; Temporary Control of Hemorrhage from Cystic Artery Esophagus and Stomach. Esophageal Varices; Pyrosis; Bariatric Surgery; Displacement of Stomach; Hiatal Hernia; Pylorospasm; Congenital Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis; Carcinoma of Stomach; Gastrectomy and Lymph Node Resection; Gastric Ulcers, Peptic Ulcers, Helicobacter pylori, and Vagotomy; Visceral Referred Pain Small and Large Intestine. Duodenal Ulcers; Developmental Changes in Mesoduodenum; Paraduodenal Hernias; Brief Review of Embryological Rotation of Midgut; Navigating Small Intestine; Ischemia of Intestine; Ileal Diverticulum; Position of Appendix; Appendicitis; Appendectomy; Mobile Ascending Colon; Colitis, Colectomy, Ileostomy, and Colostomy; Colonoscopy, Sigmoidoscopy, and Colorectal Cancer; Diverticulosis; Volvulus of Sigmoid Colon Spleen and Pancreas. Rupture of Spleen; Splenectomy and Splenomegaly; Accessory Spleen(s) and Splenosis; Splenic Needle Biopsy and Splenoportography; Blockage of Hepatopancreatic Ampulla and Pancreatitis; 49 Cholangiopancreatography; Accessory Pancreatic Tissue; Rupture of Pancreas; Subtotal Pancreatectomy; Pancreatic Cancer Liver, Biliary Ducts, and Gallbladder. Palpation of Liver; Subphrenic Abscesses; Hepatic Lobectomies and Segmentectomy; Rupture of Liver; Aberrant Hepatic Arteries; Variations in Relationships of Hepatic Arteries; Hepatomegaly; Cirrhosis of Liver; Liver Biopsy; Mobile Gallbladder; Variations in Cystic and Hepatic Ducts; Accessory Hepatic Ducts; Gallstones; Gallstones in Duodenum; Cholecystectomy; Portal Hypertension; Portosystemic Shunts Kidneys, Ureters, and Suprarenal Glands. Palpation of Kidneys; Perinephric Abscess; Nephroptosis; Renal Transplantation; Renal Cysts; Pain in Pararenal Region; Accessory Renal Vessels; Renal Vein Entrapment Syndrome; Congenital Anomalies of Kidneys and Ureters; Renal and Ureteric Calculi Diaphragm. Hiccups; Section of a Phrenic Nerve; Referred Pain From Diaphragm; Rupture of Diaphragm and Herniation of Viscera; Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Posterior Abdominal Wall. Psoas Abscess; Posterior Abdominal Pain; Partial Lumbar Sympathectomy; Pulsations of Aorta and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm; Collateral Routes for Abdominopelvic Venous Blood 6. PELVIS AND PERINEUM Pelvic Girdle. Variations in Male and Female Pelves; Pelvic Diameters (Conjugates); Pelvic Fractures; Relaxation of Pelvic Ligaments and Increased Joint Mobility in Late Pregnancy; Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis Pelvic Cavity. Injury to Pelvic Floor Neurovascular Structures of Pelvis. Iatrogenic Injury of Ureters; Injury During Ligation of Uterine Artery; Injury During Ligation of Ovarian Artery; Ligation of Internal Iliac Artery and Collateral Circulation in Pelvis; Injury to Pelvic Nerves Urinary Organs and Rectum. Iatrogenic Compromise of Ureteric Blood Supply; Ureteric Calculi; Cystocele, Urethrocele, and Urinary Incontinence; Suprapubic Cystostomy; Rupture of Bladder; Cystoscopy; Clinically Significant Differences Between Male and Female Urethrae; Rectal Examination; Resection of Rectum Male Internal Genital Organs. Male Sterilization; Abscesses in Seminal Glands; Hypertrophy of Prostate 50 Female Internal Genital Organs. Infections of Female Genital Tract; Patency of Uterine Tubes; Hysterosalpingography; Endoscopy; Female Sterilization; Tubal Sterilization; Hysteroscopic Sterilization; Ectopic Tubal Pregnancy; Remnants of Embryonic Ducts; Bicornuate Uterus; Disposition of Uterus; Manual Examination of Uterus; Lifetime Changes in Anatomy of Uterus; Cervical Cancer Screening; Hysterectomy; Distension of Vagina; Digital Pelvic Examination; Vaginal Fistulae; Culdocentesis; Laparoscopic Examination of Pelvic Viscera; Anesthesia for Childbirth Perineum. Pelvic Organ Prolapse; Episiotomy; Rupture of Urethra in Males and Extravasation of Urine; Starvation and Rectal Prolapse; Pectinate Line—A Clinically Important Landmark; Anal Fissures; Ischio-anal and Peri-Anal Abscesses; Hemorrhoids; Anorectal Incontinence Male Urogenital Triangle. Urethral Catheterization; Distension of Scrotum; Palpation of Testes; Hypospadias; Phimosis, Paraphimosis, and Circumcision; Impotence and Erectile Dysfunction Female Urogenital Triangle. Female Genital Cutting; Vulvar Trauma; Infection of Greater Vestibular Glands; Pudendal and Ilio-Inguinal Nerve Blocks; Exercises for Strengthening of Female Perineal Muscles; Vaginismus 7. LOWER LIMB Bones of Lower Limb. Lower Limb Injuries; Injuries of Hip Bone; Coxa Vara and Coxa Valga; Dislocated Epiphysis of Femoral Head; Femoral Fractures; Tibial Fractures; Fractures Involving Epiphysial Plates; Fibular Fractures; Bone Grafts; Intraosseous Infusion; Calcaneal Fractures; Fractures of Talar Neck; Fractures of Metatarsals; Os Trigonum; Fracture of Sesamoid Bones Fascia, Veins, Lymphatics, and Cutaneous Nerves of Lower Limb. Compartment Syndromes and Fasciotomy; Varicose Veins, Thrombosis, and Thrombophlebitis; Saphenous Vein Grafts; Saphenous Cutdown and Saphenous Nerve Injury; Enlarged Inguinal Lymph Nodes; Regional Nerve Blocks of Lower Limbs; Abnormalities of Sensory Function Anterior and Medial Regions of Thigh. Hip and Thigh Contusions; Psoas Abscess; Paralysis of Quadriceps; Chondromalacia Patellae; Patellar Fractures; Abnormal Ossification of Patella; Patellar Tendon Reflex; Transplantation of Gracilis; Groin Pull; Injury to Adductor Longus; Palpation, Compression, and Cannulation of Femoral Artery; Laceration of Femoral Artery; Potentially Lethal Misnomer; Saphenous Varix; Location of Femoral Vein; Cannulation of Femoral 51 Vein; Femoral Hernias; Replaced or Accessory Obturator Artery Gluteal and Posterior Thigh Regions. Trochanteric Bursitis; Ischial Bursitis; Hamstring Injuries; Injury to Superior Gluteal Nerve; Anesthetic Block of Sciatic Nerve; Injury to Sciatic Nerve; Intragluteal Injections Popliteal Fossa and Leg. Popliteal Abscess and Tumor; Popliteal Pulse; Popliteal Aneurysm and Hemorrhage; Injury to Tibial Nerve; Containment and Spread of Compartmental Infections in Leg; Tibialis Anterior Strain (Shin Splints); Fibularis Muscles and Evolution of Human Foot; Injury to Common Fibular Nerve and Footdrop; Deep Fibular Nerve Entrapment; Superficial Fibular Nerve Entrapment; Fabella in Gastrocnemius; Calcaneal Tendinitis; Ruptured Calcaneal Tendon; Calcaneal Tendon Reflex; Absence of Plantarflexion; Gastrocnemius Strain; Calcaneal Bursitis; Venous Return From Leg; Accessory Soleus; Posterior Tibial Pulse Foot. Plantar Fasciitis; Infections of Foot; Contusion of Extensor Digitorum Brevis; Sural Nerve Grafts; Anesthetic Block of Superficial Fibular Nerve; Plantar Reflex; Medial Plantar Nerve Entrapment; Palpation of Dorsalis Pedis Pulse; Hemorrhaging Wounds of Sole of Foot; Lymphadenopathy Joints of Lower Limb. Bipedalism and Congruity of Articular Surfaces of Hip Joint; Fractures of Femoral Neck; Surgical Hip Replacement; Necrosis of Femoral Head in Children; Dislocation of Hip Joint; Genu Valgum and Genu Varum; Patellar Dislocation; Patellofemoral Syndrome; Knee Joint Injuries; Arthroscopy of Knee Joint; Aspiration of Knee Joint; Bursitis in Knee Region; Popliteal Cysts; Knee Replacement; Ankle Injuries; Tibial Nerve Entrapment; Hallux Valgus; Hammer Toe; Claw Toes; Pes Planus (Flat feet); Clubfoot (Talipes equinovarus) 8. HEAD Cranium. Head Injuries; Headaches and Facial Pain; Injury to Superciliary Arches; Malar Flush; Fractures of Maxillae and Associated Bones; Fractures of Mandible; Resorption of Alveolar Bone; Fractures of Calvaria; Surgical Access to Cranial Cavity: Bone Flaps; Development of Cranium; Age Changes in Face; Obliteration of Cranial Sutures; Age Changes in Cranium; Craniosynostosis and Cranial Malformations Face and Scalp. Facial Lacerations and Incisions; Scalp Injuries; Scalp Wounds; Scalp Infections; Sebaceous Cysts; Cephalohematoma; Flaring of Nostrils; Paralysis of Facial Muscles; Infra-Orbital Nerve Block; Mental and Incisive 52 Nerve Blocks; Buccal Nerve Block; Trigeminal Neuralgia; Lesions of Trigeminal Nerve; Herpes Zoster Infection of Trigeminal Ganglion; Testing Sensory Function of CN V; Injuries to Facial Nerve; Compression of Facial Artery; Pulses of Arteries of Face and Scalp; Stenosis of Internal Carotid Artery; Scalp Lacerations; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Lip Cranial Cavity and Meninges. Fracture of Pterion; Thrombophlebitis of Facial Vein; Blunt Trauma to Head; Tentorial Herniation; Bulging of Diaphragma Sellae; Occlusion of Cerebral Veins and Dural Venous Sinuses; Metastasis of Tumor Cells to Dural Venous Sinuses; Fractures of Cranial Base; Dural Origin of Headaches; Leptomeningitis; Head Injuries and Intracranial Hemorrhage Brain. Cerebral Injuries; Cisternal Puncture; Hydrocephalus; Leakage of Cerebrospinal Fluid; Anastomoses of Cerebral Arteries and Cerebral Embolism; Variations of Cerebral Arterial Circle; Strokes; Brain Infarction; Transient Ischemic Attacks Orbital Region, Orbit, and Eyeball. Fractures of Orbit; Orbital Tumors; Injury to Nerves Supplying Eyelids; Inflammation of Palpebral Glands; Hyperemia of Conjunctiva; Subconjunctival Hemorrhages; Development of Retina; Retinal Detachment; Pupillary Light Reflex; Uveitis; Ophthalmoscopy; Papilledema; Presbyopia and Cataracts; Coloboma of Iris; Glaucoma; Hemorrhage into Anterior Chamber; Artificial Eye; Corneal Reflex; Corneal Abrasions and Lacerations; Corneal Ulcers and Transplants; Horner Syndrome; Paralysis of Extra-ocular Muscles/Palsies of Orbital Nerves; Oculomotor Nerve Palsy; Abducent Nerve Palsy; Blockage of Central Retinal Artery; Blockage of Central Retinal Vein Parotid and Temporal Regions, Infratemporal Fossa, and Temporomandibular Joint. Parotidectomy; Infection of Parotid Gland; Abscess in Parotid Gland; Sialography of Parotid Duct; Blockage of Parotid Duct; Accessory Parotid Gland; Mandibular Nerve Block; Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block; Dislocation of Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ); Arthritis of TMJ Oral Region. Cleft Lip; Cyanosis of Lips; Large Labial Frenulum; Gingivitis; Dental Caries, Pulpitis, and Tooth Abscesses; Supernumerary Teeth (Hyperdontia); Extraction of Teeth; Dental Implants; Nasopalatine Block; Greater Palatine Block; Cleft Palate; Gag Reflex; Paralysis of Genioglossus; Injury to Hypoglossal Nerve; Sublingual Absorption of Drugs; Lingual Carcinoma; Lingual Frenectomy; Excision of Submandibular Gland and Removal of a Calculus; Sialography of Submandibular Ducts 53 Pterygopalatine Fossa. Transantral Approach to Pterygopalatine Fossa Nose. Nasal Fractures; Deviation of Nasal Septum; Rhinitis; Epistaxis; Sinusitis; Infection of Ethmoidal Cells; Infection of Maxillary Sinuses; Relationship of Teeth to Maxillary Sinus; Transillumination of Sinuses Ear. External Ear Injury; Otoscopic Examination; Acute Otitis Externa; Otitis Media; Perforation of Tympanic Membrane; Mastoiditis; Blockage of Pharyngotympanic Tube; Paralysis of Stapedius; Motion Sickness; Dizziness and Hearing Loss: Ménière Syndrome; High Tone Deafness; Otic Barotrauma 9. NECK Bones of Neck. Cervical Pain; Injuries of Cervical Vertebral Column; Fracture of Hyoid Bone Cervical Fascia. Paralysis of Platysma; Spread of Infections in Neck Superficial Structures of Neck: Cervical Regions. Congenital Torticollis; Spasmodic Torticollis; Subclavian Vein Puncture; Right Cardiac Catheterization; Prominence of External Jugular Vein; Severance of External Jugular Vein; Lesions of Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI); Severance of Phrenic Nerve, Phrenic Nerve Block, and Phrenic Nerve Crush; Nerve Blocks in Lateral Cervical Region; Injury to Suprascapular Nerve; Ligation of External Carotid Artery; Surgical Dissection of Carotid Triangle; Carotid Occlusion and Endarterectomy; Carotid Pulse; Carotid Sinus Hypersensitivity; Role of Carotid Bodies; Internal Jugular Pulse; Internal Jugular Vein Puncture Deep Structures of Neck. Cervicothoracic Ganglion Block; Lesion of Cervical Sympathetic Trunk Viscera and Lymphatics of Neck. Thyroid Ima Artery; Thyroglossal Duct Cysts; Aberrant Thyroid Gland; Accessory Thyroid Glandular Tissue; Pyramidal Lobe of Thyroid Gland; Enlargement of Thyroid Gland; Thyroidectomy; Injury to Recurrent Laryngeal Nerves; Inadvertent Removal of Parathyroid Glands; Fractures of Laryngeal Skeleton; Laryngoscopy; Valsalva Maneuver; Aspiration of Foreign Bodies and Heimlich Maneuver; Cricothyrotomy; Tracheostomy; Injury to Laryngeal Nerves; Superior Laryngeal Nerve Block; Cancer of Larynx; Age Changes in Larynx; Foreign Bodies in Laryngopharynx; Tonsillectomy; Adenoiditis; Branchial Fistula; Branchial Sinuses and Cysts; Esophageal Injuries; Tracheo-Esophageal Fistula; Esophageal Cancer; Zones of Penetrating Neck Trauma; Radical Neck Dissections 54 10. Summary of Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves. Cranial Nerve Injuries. Olfactory Nerve (CN I). Anosmia– Loss of Smell; Olfactory Hallucinations. Optic Nerve (CN II). Demyelinating Diseases and Optic Nerves; Optic Neuritis; Visual Field Defects. Oculomotor Nerve (CN III). Injury to Oculomotor Nerve; Compression of Oculomotor Nerve; Aneurysm of Posterior Cerebral or Superior Cerebellar Artery. Trochlear Nerve (CN IV). Trigeminal Nerve (CN V). Injury to Trigeminal Nerve; Dental Anesthesia. Abducent Nerve (CN VI). Facial Nerve (CN VII). Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII). Injuries to Vestibulocochlear Nerve; Deafness; Acoustic Neuroma; Trauma and Vertigo. Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX). Lesions of Glossopharyngeal Nerve; Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia; Vagus Nerve (CN X); Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI); Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII) 55  List of Tables 1. OVERVIEW AND BASIC CONCEPTS Table 1.1. Types of Muscle (Muscle Tissue) Table 1.2. Functions of Autonomic Nervous System (Ans) 2. BACK Table 2.1. Cervical Vertebrae Table 2.2. Thoracic Vertebrae Table 2.3. Lumbar Vertebrae Table 2.4. Superficial Layer of Intrinsic Back Muscles Table 2.5. Intermediate Layer of Intrinsic Back Muscles Table 2.6. Deep Layers of Intrinsic Back Muscles Table 2.7. Principal Muscles Producing Movement of Cervical Intervertebral Joints Table 2.8. Principal Muscles Producing Movements of Thoracic and Lumbar Intervertebral (IV) Joints Table 2.9. Suboccipital Muscles and Suboccipital Triangle Table 2.10. Principal Muscles Producing Movement of Atlanto-Occipital Joints Table 2.11. Principal Muscles Producing Movement of Atlanto-Axial Joints Table 2.12. Nerves of Posterior Cervical Region, Including Suboccipital Region/Triangles Table 2.13. Numbering of Spinal Nerves and Vertebrae Table 2.14. Spaces Associated with Spinal Meninges 3. UPPER LIMB 56 Table 3.1. Dermatomes of Upper Limb Table 3.2. Cutaneous Nerves of Upper Limb Table 3.3. Anterior Axio-Appendicular Muscles Table 3.4. Posterior Axio-Appendicular Muscles Table 3.5. Movements of Scapula Table 3.6. Scapulohumeral (Intrinsic Shoulder) Muscles Table 3.7. Arteries of Proximal Upper Limb (Shoulder Region and Arm) Table 3.8. Brachial Plexus and Nerves of Upper Limb Table 3.9. Muscles of Arm Table 3.10. Muscles of Anterior Compartment of Forearm Table 3.11. Muscles of Posterior Compartment of Forearm Table 3.12. Arteries of Forearm and Wrist Table 3.13. Nerves of Forearm Table 3.14. Intrinsic Muscles of Hand Table 3.15. Arteries of Hand Table 3.16. Nerves of Hand Table 3.17. Movements of Glenohumeral Joint 4. THORAX Table 4.1. Joints of Thoracic Wall Table 4.2. Muscles of Thoracic Wall Table 4.3. Arterial Supply of Thoracic Wall Table 4.4. Arterial Supply to Heart Table 4.5. Aorta and its Branches in Thorax Table 4.6. Nerves of Thorax 5. ABDOMEN Table 5.1. Abdominal Regions (A), Reference Planes (B), and Quadrants Table 5.2. Muscles of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall 57 Table 5.3. Nerves of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall Table 5.4. Arteries of the Anterolateral Abdominal Wall Table 5.5. Boundaries of The Inguinal Canal Table 5.6. Corresponding Layers of the Anterior Abdominal Wall, Scrotum, and Spermatic Cord Table B5.1 Characteristics of Inguinal Hernias Table 5.7. Arterial Supply to Abdominal Foregut Derivatives: Esophagus, Stomach, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas, and Spleen Table 5.8. Distinguishing Characteristics of the Jejunum and Ileum in Living Body (Fig. 5.48) Table 5.9. Arterial Supply to Intestines Table 5.10. Terminology for Subdivisions of Liver Table 5.11. Autonomic Innervation of Abdominal Viscera (Splanchnic Nerves) Table 5.12. Neurovascular Structures of Diaphragm Table 5.13. Muscles of Posterior Abdominal Wall Table 5.14. Branches of Abdominal Aorta 6. PELVIS AND PERINEUM Table 6.1. Comparison of Male and Female Bony Pelves Table 6.2. Muscles of Pelvic Walls and Floor Table 6.3. Peritoneal Reflections in Pelvis Table 6.4. Arteries of Pelvis Table 6.5. Somatic Nerves of Pelvis Table 6.6. Parts of Male Urethra Table 6.7. Lymphatic Drainage of Structures of Pelvis and Perineum Table 6.8. Arteries of Perineum Table 6.9. Muscles of Perineum Table 6.10. Nerves of Perineum 7. LOWER LIMB 58 Table 7.1. Cutaneous Nerves of Lower Limb Table 7.2. Muscle Action During Gait Cycle Table 7.3. i.Muscles of Anterior Thigh: Flexors of Hip Joint Table 7.3. ii.Muscles of Anterior Thigh: Extensors of Knee Table 7.4. Muscles of Medial Thigh: Adductors of Thigh Table 7.5. Arteries of Anterior and Medial Thigh Table 7.6. Muscles of Gluteal Region: Abductors and Rotators of Thigh Table 7.7. Muscles of Posterior Thigh: Extensors of Hip and Flexors of Knee Table 7.8. Nerves of Gluteal and Posterior Thigh Regions Table 7.9. Arteries of Gluteal and Posterior Thigh Regions Table 7.10. Muscles of Anterior and Lateral Compartments of Leg Table 7.11. Nerves of Leg Table 7.12. Arteries of Leg Table 7.13.I. Superficial Muscles of Posterior Compartment of Leg Table 7.13.II. Deep Muscles of Posterior Compartment of Leg Table 7.14.I. Muscles of Foot: 1st and 2nd Layers of Sole Table 7.14.II. Muscles of Foot: 3rd and 4th Layers of Sole Table 7.14.III. Muscles of Foot: Dorsum of Foot Table 7.15. Nerves of Foot Table 7.16. Movements of Knee Joint and Muscles Producing Them Table 7.17. Bursae Around Knee Joint Table 7.18. Joints of Foot Table 7.19. Movements of Joints of Forefoot and Muscles Producing Them 8. Head Table 8.1. Craniometric Points of Cranium Table 8.2. Foramina and Other Apertures of Cranial Fossae and Contents Table 8.3. Muscles of Scalp and Face 59 Table 8.4. Cutaneous Nerves of Face and Scalp Table 8.5. Superficial Arteries of Face and Scalp Table 8.6. Veins of Face and Scalp Table 8.7. Arterial Blood Supply of Cerebral Hemispheres Table 8.8. Extra-Ocular Muscles of Orbit Table 8.9. Arteries of Orbit Table 8.10. Movements of Temporomandibular Joint Table 8.11. Muscles Acting on Mandible/Temporomandibular Joint Table 8.12. Parts and Branches of Maxillary Artery Table 8.13A. Deciduous Teeth Table 8.13B. Permanent Teeth Table 8.14. Muscles of Soft Palate Table 8.15. Muscles of Tongue 9. NECK Table 9.1. Cervical Regions/Triangles and Contents Table 9.2. Cutaneous and Superficial Muscles of Neck Table 9.3. Muscles of Anterior Cervical Region (Extrinsic Muscles of Larynx) Table 9.4. Prevertebral Muscles Table 9.5. Muscles of Larynx Table 9.6. Muscles of Pharynx 10. Summary of Cranial Nerves Table 10.1. Cranial Nerves: Attachment to Central Nervous System, General Functions, and Distribution Table 10.2. Summary of Cranial Nerves Table 10.3. Cranial Parasympathetic Ganglia: Location; Sensory, Parasympathetic, and Sympathetic Roots and Main Distribution Table 10.4. Summary of Divisions of Trigeminal Nerve (CN V) 60 Table 10.5. Summary of Vagus Nerve (CN X) Table 10.6. Summary of Cranial Nerve Lesions 61  Figure Credits All sources are from Wolters Kluwer unless otherwise noted. 1. OVERVIEW AND BASIC CONCEPTS Fig. 1.20 Based on Hamill JH, Knutzan K: Biochemical Basis of Human Movement, 2nd ed., 2003. Fig. 1.22C Based on Silverthorn DU: Human Physiology, 4th ed. Tappan, NJ, Pearson Education, 2007:459. Fig. 1.35C Courtesy of Dr. Bradley R. Smith, Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC. From Moore KL, Persaud TVN, Shiota K, et al.: Color Atlas of Clinical Embryology, 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Saunders, 2000. Fig. 1.50 Daffner RH, Hartman M: Clinical Radiology: The Essentials, 2nd ed., 1998. Fig. 1.52 Courtesy of Dr. J. Heslin, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Fig. 1.54B&C Wicke L: In Taylor AN, trans (ed): Atlas of Radiologic Anatomy, 6th English ed., 1998 [Wicke L: Roentgen-Anatomie Noralbefunde, 5th ed. Munich, Urban and Schwarzenberg, 1995]. Fig. 1.55 Wicke L: In Taylor AN, trans (ed): Atlas of Radiologic Anatomy, 6th English ed., 1998 [Wicke L: Roentgen-Anatomie Noralbefunde, 5th ed. Munich, Urban and Schwarzenberg, 1995]. Fig. B1.1 Reprinted with permission from van de Graaff K: Human Anatomy, 4th ed. Dubuque, IA, WC Brown, 1995. Fig. B1.2 Rassner G: In Burgdorf WHC (trans): Atlas of Dermatology, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1994 (photo); Stedman’s Medical Dictionary, 27th ed., 2000 (artist: Neil O. Hardy, Westport, CT). Fig. B1.4 Based on Stedman’s Medical Dictionary, 27th ed., 2000 (artist: Neil O. Hardy, Westport, CT). 62 Fig. B1.5 Based on Stedman’s Medical Dictionary, 27th ed., 2000 (artist: Neil O. Hardy, Westport, CT). Fig. B1.6 Courtesy of D. Armstrong, University of Toronto, Canada. Fig. B1.9 Based on Willis MC: Medical Terminology: The Language of Health Care, 1995. Fig. B1.10 Reprinted with permission from Roche Lexikon Medizin, 4th ed. Munich, Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1998. 2. BACK Fig. 2.1C Based on Olson TR, Pawlina W: A.D.A.M. Student Atlas of Anatomy, 1996. Fig. 2.4 Based on Dauber W, Spitzer G, Kramer S: Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy. Founded by Heinz Feneis. Rev., 5th ed. Stuttgart, Germany, Georg Thieme Verlag, 2007. Fig. 2.6E Courtesy of D. Salonen, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Fig. 2.7C Courtesy of Dr. J. Heslin, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; D Becker RF, Wilson JW, Gehweiler JA: Anatomical Basis of Medical Practice, 1974. Fig. 2.9C Courtesy of Dr. J. Heslin, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Fig. 2.27 Based on Frick H, Kummer B, Putz R: Wolf-Heidegger’s Atlas of Human Anatomy, 4th ed. Basel, Switzerland, Karger AG, 1990:476. Fig. 2.30 Based on Olson TR, Pawlina W: A.D.A.M. Student Atlas of Anatomy, 1996. Fig. 2.31 Based on Olson TR, Pawlina W: A.D.A.M. Student Atlas of Anatomy, 1996. Fig. B2.3A–E Cervical Spine Research Society, Clark CR (ed): The Cervical Spine, 3rd ed., 1998. Fig. B2.3F&G Lee JKT, Sagel SS, Stanley RJ, Heiken JP: Computed Body Tomography with MRI Correlation, 3rd ed., 2006. Fig. B2.4D&G Cervical Spine Research Society, Clark CR (ed): The Cervical Spine, 3rd ed., 1998. Fig. B2.5D Yochum TR, Rowe LJ: Essentials of Skeletal Radiology, Vol. 2, 2nd 63 ed., Baltimore, MD, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1996. Fig. B2.10 Moore KL, Persaud TVN, Torchia MG: The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology, 10th ed. Philadelphia, Elsevier/Saunders, 2016. Fig. B2.11 Median MRI: @LUHS2008. Loyola University Health System, Maywood, IL. Transverse MRI: Choi SJ, et al.: The use of MRI to predict the clinical outcome of non-surgical treatment for lumbar I-V disc herniation. Korean J Radiol 8:156–163, 2007; 5a. Fig. B2.13 Photos provided by Arthur F. Dalley II, PhD, FAAA. Fig. B2.14C Based on Cervical Spine Research Society, Clark CR (ed): The Cervical Spine, 3rd revised ed., 1998. Fig. B2.15A Courtesy of Dr. E. Becker, Associate Professor of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; B From http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/310235-overview. Accessed October 31, 2016; C Based on Drake R, Vogl AW: Gray’s Anatomy for Students, 2nd ed. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 2004. Fig. 2.15D Cervical Spine Research Society, Clark CR (ed): The Cervical Spine, 3rd revised ed., 1998. Fig. B2.16B GE Healthcare, www.medcyclo.com. Fig. B2.16C Dean D, Herbener TE: Cross-Sectional Human Anatomy, 2001. Fig. B2.16D&E LearningRadiology.com. Fig. B2.17C Yochum TR, Rowe LJ: Essentials of Skeletal Radiology, Vol. 2, 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1996. Fig. B2.18F Top: Science Photo Library/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.; Bottom: Princess Margaret Rose Orthopaedic Hospital/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc. Fig. B2.18F&G Salter RB: Textbook of Disorders and Injuries of the Musculoskeletal System, 3rd ed., 1998. 3. UPPER LIMB Fig. 3.9C&D Courtesy of Dr. D. Armstrong, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Fig. 3.17 Tank PW, Gest TR: Atlas of Anatomy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008. 64 Fig. 3.32 Clay JH, Pounds DM: Basic Clinical Massage Therapy: Integrating Anatomy and Treatment, 2nd ed., 2008. Fig. 3.49B–D,F,G Clay JH, Pounds DM: Basic Clinical Massage Therapy: Integrating Anatomy and Treatment, 2nd ed., 2008. Fig. 3.53 Based on Hoppenfeld S, de Boer P: Surgical Exposures in Orthopaedics, 3rd ed., 2003. Fig. 3.60B&C Clay JH, Pounds DM: Basic Clinical Massage Therapy: Integrating Anatomy and Treatment, 2nd ed., 2008. Fig. 3.92 Modified from Hamill J, Knutzen KM: Biomechanical Basis of Human Movement, 3rd ed., 2008. Fig. 3.83 Courtesy of D. Armstrong, University of Toronto, Canada. Fig. 3.93A Platzer W: Color Atlas of Human Anatomy. Vol. 1: Locomotor System, 4th ed. New York, Thieme, 1992. Fig. 3.95 Courtesy of Dr. W. Kucharczyk, Professor of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, and Clinical Director of Tri-Hospital Resonance Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Fig. 3.97 Courtesy of Dr. E. Becker, Associate Professor of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Fig. 3.102 Tank PW, Gest TR: Atlas of Anatomy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008. Fig. 3.103B&C Based on Hall-Crags ECB: Anatomy as a Basis for Clinical Medicine, 3rd ed., 1995. Fig. 3.106A&B Courtesy of Dr. J. Heslin, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Fig 3.107A Courtesy of Dr. E.L. Lansdown, Professor of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; B Courtesy of Dr. W. Kucharczyk, Professor of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, and Clinical Director of Tri-Hospital Resonance Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Fig. 3.109B Grant JC, Boileau B, Slonecker CE: Grant’s Method of Anatomy: A Clinical Problem-Solving Approach, 11th ed., 1989. Fig. B3.4B Thorne CH, Gurtner GC, Chung K, et al.: Grabb and Smith’s Plastic Surgery, 7th ed., 2013. Fig. B3.5 Moore KL, Persaud TVN, Torchia MG: The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology, 10th ed. Philadelphia, Elsevier/Saunders, 2016. 65 Fig. B3.6 Rowland LP: Merritt’s Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed., 1995. Fig. B3.10 Left: Meschan I: An Atlas of Anatomy Basic to Radiology. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1975; right: Salter RB: Textbook of Disorders and Injuries of the Musculoskeletal System, 3rd ed., 1998. Fig. B3.14 Bickley LS: Bates’ Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking, 10th ed., 2008. Fig. B3.15 Based on Anderson MK, Hall SJ, Martin M: Foundations of Athletic Training, 3rd ed., 1995. Fig. B3.21B Greenspan A, Beltran J: Orthopedic Imaging, 6th ed., 2015. Fig. B3.33 xray2000.co.uk Fig. B3.39A John Sleezer/MCT/Landov; B Clay JH, Pounds DM: Basic Clinical Massage Therapy: Integrating Anatomy and Treatment, 2nd ed., 2008. Fig. B3.40 Salter RB: Textbook of Disorders and Injuries of the Musculoskeletal System, 3rd ed., 1998. 4. THORAX Fig. 4.24C Based on Stedman’s Medical Dictionary, 27th ed., 2000 (artist: Michael Schenk, Jackson, MS). Fig. 4.30A Dean D, Herbener TE: Cross-Sectional Anatomy, 2001. Fig. 4.48 Adapted with permission from Moore KL, Persaud TVN: The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology, 7th ed. Philadelphia, Saunders, 2003. Fig. 4.51 Adapted with permission from Torrent-Guasp F, Buckberg GD, Clemente C, et al.: The structure and function of the helical heart and its buttress wrapping. The normal macroscopic structure of the heart. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 13:30, 2001. Fig. 4.60D Courtesy of I. Vershuur, Joint Department of Medical Imaging, UHN/Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Fig. B4.6B Left: Evans RJ, Brown YB, Evans MK: Canadian Maternity, Newborn & Women’s Health Nursing, 2nd ed., 2014; right: Klossner NJ, Hatfield N: Introductory Maternity and Pediatric Nursing, 2005. Fig. B4.7 Based on Hall-Craggs ECB: Anatomy as the Basis of Clinical Medicine, 3rd ed., 1995. 66 Fig. B4.8 With permission from Moore KL, Persaud TVN, Torchia MG: The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology, 10th ed. Philadelphia, Elsevier/Saunders, 2016. Fig. B4.10 Based on Stedman’s Medical Dictionary, 27th ed., 2000 (artist: Neil O. Hardy, Westport, CT). Fig. B4.12A Based on Stedman’s Medical Dictionary, 27th ed., 2000 (artist: Mikki Senkarik, San Antonio, TX); B Olympus America, Inc., Melville, NY. Fig. B4.13A Based on Stedman’s Medical Dictionary, 27th ed., 2000 (artist: Neil O. Hardy, Westport, CT); B Bickley LS: Bates’ Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking, 10th ed., 2009. Fig. B4.14 Smith WL: Radiology 101, 4th ed., 2013. Fig. B4.15 Stedman’s Medical Dictionary, 27th ed., 2000 (artist: Neil O. Hardy, Westport, CT); photographs of bronchus , carina, and trachea from Feinsilver SH, Fein A: Textbook of Bronchoscopy, 1995. Fig. B4.21 Based on Stedman’s Medical Dictionary, 27th ed., 2000 (artist: Neil O. Hardy, Westport, CT). Fig. B4.22 Photo provided by Arthur F. Dalley II, PhD, FAAA. Fig. B4.23 D&E With permission from Moore KL, Persaud TVN: The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology, 7th ed. Philadelphia, Saunders, 2003. Fig. B4.28 Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc. Fig. B4.31 Based on figure provided by the Anatomical Chart Company. Fig. B4.34 Photograph from Lippincott's Nursing Procedures and Skills, 2007; drawing based on Stedman’s Medical Dictionary, 27th ed., 2000 (artist: Neil O. Hardy, Westport, CT). Fig. B4.38 Dean D, Herbener TE. Cross-Sectional Anatomy; 2001. Fig. B4.39 Based on Daffner RH, Hartman M: Clinical Radiology: The Essentials, 2nd ed., 1998. Fig. B4.42 Dean D, Herbener TE: Cross-Sectional Anatomy, 2001. Fig. B4.43B–E Madden ME: Introduction to Sectional Anatomy, 2000. Fig. B4.44A–C Courtesy of Dr. M.A. Haider, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 67 5. ABDOMEN Fig. 5.5 Clay JH, Pounds DM: Basic Clinical Massage Therapy: Integrating Anatomy and Treatment, 2nd ed., 2008. Fig. 5.6B Based on Bickley LS: Bates’ Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking, 10th ed., 2008. Fig. 5.10B Scott-Conner CE, Dawson DL: Essential Operative Techniques and Anatomy, 4th ed., 2013. Fig. 5.12B Scott-Conner CE, Dawson DL: Essential Operative Techniques and Anatomy, 4th ed., 2013. Fig. 5.18 Based on Sauerland EK: Grant’s Dissector, 12th ed., 1999. Fig. 5.33B Cormack DH: Clinically Integrated Histology, 1998. Fig. 5.34 Courtesy of Dr. E.L. Landsdown, Professor of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Fig. 5.36B Based on Grant JCB: Grant’s Method of Anatomy, 9th ed., 1975. Fig. 5.37C&E Courtesy of Dr. E.L. Lansdown, Professor of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Fig. 5.38B Courtesy of Dr. J. Helsin, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Fig. 5.43C Based on Stedman’s Medical Dictionary, 27th ed., 2000 (artist: Neil O. Hardy, Westport, CT). Fig. 5.47 Based on McConnell TH, Hull K: Human Form, Human Function: Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 2011. Fig. 5.48B Based on Sauerland EK: Grant’s Dissector, 12th ed., 1999. Fig. 5.49C Courtesy of Dr. J. Helsin, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Fig. 5.52B courtesy of Dr. C.S. Ho, Professor of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; C courtesy of Dr. E.L. Lansdown, Professor of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Fig. 5.53 D–F Photos supplied by Anne M.R. Agur, BSc (OT), MSc, PhD. Fig. 5.55A Courtesy of Dr. E.L. Lansdown, Professor of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; B Courtesy of Dr. D.K. Sniderman, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Fig. 5.57A&B Based on Grant JCB: Grant’s Method of Anatomy, 9th ed., 1975. 68 Fig. 5.58C Based on Stedman’s Medical Dictionary, 27th ed., 2000 (artist: Neil O. Hardy, Westport, CT). Fig. 5.60A Courtesy of Dr. J. Heslin, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Fig. 5.62 Based on Bickley LS, Szilagyi PG: Bates’ Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking, 8th ed., 2004. Fig. 5.63B Courtesy of Dr. W. Kucharczyk, Professor of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, and Clinical Director of Tri-Hospital Resonance Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Fig. 5.64E Based on Sauerland EK: Grant’s Dissector, 12th ed., 1999. Fig. 5.66B Courtesy of Dr. W. Kucharczyk, Professor of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Fig. 5.67B–E Reprinted with permission from Karaliotas C, et al.: Liver and Biliary Tract Surgery: Embryological Anatomy to 3D-Imaging and Transplant Innovations. Vienna, Springer, 2007. Fig. 5.75B Courtesy of Dr. M.A. Haider, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Fig. 5.81 Courtesy of Dr. John Campbell, Department of Medical Imaging, Sunnybrook Medical Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Fig. 5.82A Courtesy of Dr. J. Heslin, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Fig. 5.85B Courtesy of Dr. E.L. Lansdown, Professor of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Fig. 5.91 Based on Rosse C, Gaddum-Rosse P: Hollinshead’s Textbook of Anatomy, 5th ed., 1997. Fig. 5.92A Clay JH, Pounds DM: Basic Clinical Massage Therapy: Integrating Anatomy and Treatment, 2nd ed., 2008. Fig. 5.102 Courtesy of Dr. A.M. Arenson, Assistant Professor of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Fig. 5.103 Courtesy of Dr. M.A. Haider, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Fig. 5.104 Courtesy of Dr. W. Kucharczyk, Professor of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, and Clinical Director of Tri-Hospital Resonance Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 69 Fig. 5.105A&B Courtesy of Dr. W. Kucharczyk, Professor of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, and Clinical Director of Tri-Hospital Resonance Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Fig. B5.2 Lockhart RD, Hamilton GF, Fyfe FW: Anatomy of the Human Body, 1959. Fig. B5.3A,C,D Based on Tank PW, Gest TR: Atlas of Anatomy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008; Scott-Conner CE, Dawson DL: Essential Operative Techniques and Anatomy, 4th ed., 2013. Fig. B5.7 Radiograph courtesy of G.B. Haber, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; photograph courtesy of Mission Hospital, Mission Viejo, CA. Fig. B5.8 Brant W, Helms C: Fundamentals of Diagnostic Radiology, 2nd ed., 1999. Fig. B5.9 Based on Stedman’s Medical Dictionary, 27th ed., 2000 (artist: Neil O. Hardy, Westport, CT). Fig. B5.11 Based on Stedman’s Medical Dictionary, 27th ed., 2000 (artist: Neil O. Hardy, Westport, CT). Fig. B5.12 Based on Bickley LS: Bates’ Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking, 10th ed., 2008. Fig. B5.15B Based on Stedman’s Medical Dictionary, 27th ed., 2000 (artist: Neil O. Hardy). Fig. B5.15C Scott-Conner CE, Dawson DL: Essential Operative Techniques and Anatomy, 4th ed., 2013. Fig. B5.16 Based on Stedman’s Medical Dictionary, 27th ed., 2000 (artist: Neil O. Hardy, Westport, CT). Fig. B5.17 A Labus D, Cohen A. Lippincott Advisor; 2017; B photograph of diverticulosis courtesy of Schiller KFR, et al.: Colour Atlas of Endoscopy. London, Chapman and Hall/Springer Science and Business Media, 1986; C Courtesy of Olympus America, Inc; D Stedman’s Medical Dictionary, 27th ed., 2000 (artist: Neil O. Hardy, Westport, CT). Fig. B5.18 Based on Cohen BS: Medical Terminology: An Illustrated Guide, 4th ed. Baltimore, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2003. Fig. B5.19 A Based Bickley LS: Bates’ Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking, 10th ed., 2008; B Roche Lexikon Medizin, 3rd ed. Munich: 70 Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1990. Fig. B5.21 Courtesy of G.B. Haber, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Fig. B5.22 Based on Bates’ Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking, 8th ed., 2003. Fig. B5.23B Courtesy of Dr. A.M. Arenson, Assistant Professor of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Fig. B5.27B Rubin, et al.: Rubin’s Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine, 4th ed., 2004. Fig. B5.30 Based on Stedman’s Medical Dictionary, 27th ed., 2000 (artist: Neil O. Hardy, Westport, CT). Fig. B5.31 (inset) Stedman’s Medical Dictionary, 28th ed., 2005. Fig. B5.32 Bickley LS: Bates’ Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking, 12th ed., 2017. Fig. B5.35 Radiograph courtesy of M. Asch, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Fig. B5.36 Stedman’s Dictionary for Health Professionals and Nursing, 5th ed. Baltimore, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005. Fig. B5.37A Reprinted with permission from Moore KL, Persaud TVN: Before We Are Born, 7th ed. Philadelphia, Saunders (Elsevier), 2008 and courtesy of Dr. Nathan E. Wiseman, Professor of Surgery, Children’s Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; B Reprinted with permission from Moore KL, Persaud TVN: The Developing Human, 8th ed. Philadelphia, Saunders (Elsevier), 2008 and courtesy of Dr. Prem S. Sahni, formerly of Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Fig. B5.38 Reprinted with permission from Medscape Gastroenterology 6(1), 2004. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/474658 ©2004, Medscape. Fig. B5.39 Based on Hardin DM Jr: Acute appendicitis: Review and update. Am Fam Physician 60(7):2027–2034, 1999; Fig. 1B © Floyd E. Hosmer. Fig. B5.40B Based on Eckert P, et al.: Fibrinklebung, Indikation und Anwendung. München, Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1986; D Bickley LS: Bates’ Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking, 11th ed., 2012. Fig. TB 5.1 Based on Tank PW, Gest TR: Atlas of Anatomy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008; Plates 5.10B, 5.11B, and 5.11C. 71 6. PELVIS AND PERINEUM Fig. 6.2B Courtesy of Dr. E.L. Lansdown, Professor of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Fig. 6.14B Based on DeLancey JO: Structure support of the urethra as it relates to stress urinary incontinence: The hammock hypothesis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 170:1713–1720, 1994. Fig. 6.38A Left Based on Dauber W, Spitzer G, Kramer S: Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy. Founded by Heinz Feneis. Rev., 5th ed. Stuttgart, G