On the Impact of Digital Technologies on Modern Society PDF

АКТУАЛЬНАЯ ТЕМА Том 8, № 2, 2021 Российский журнал правовых исследований. 23 D...

АКТУАЛЬНАЯ ТЕМА DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/RJLS71325 On the Impact of Digital Technologies on Modern Society ©© M.V. Kolesov University of the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian ABSTRACT: The article analyzes the changes that rapid development and implementation of information observations, the necessity of normative regulation Government agencies must seriously adapt to modern Keywords: information; information security; rights development; society; law; digitalization; state apparatus; change; information society. To cite this article: Kolesov MV. On the impact of digital technologies DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/RJLS71325 Received: 14.04.2021 ACTUAL TOPIC 24 УДК 341.1/8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/RJLS71325 О влиянии цифровых технологий на современное общество ©© М.В. Колесов Университет прокуратуры Аннотация. В статье анализируются за период бурного развития ленных фактов и наблюдений и действий в цифровом пространстве. рьезным образом измениться Ключевые слова: информация; государство; прокуратура; правовое регулирование; нарушение Как цитировать: Колесов М.В. О влиянии цифровых DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/RJLS71325 Рукопись получена: 14.04.2021 АКТУАЛЬНАЯ ТЕМА In one of our previous articles, we considered the problem of the integral importance of information in modern society. The results of that discussion were that information has an essential value, the revelation of which should be regulated by law, since it can affect basic human rights and freedoms. In turn, the protection and supervision of compliance with these norms by state bodies can be achieved only by a comprehensive impact at the financial, regulatory, and organizational levels on the field of information technologies [1, 2]. The importance and value of information was precisely described by the Prime Minister of the Russian Federation, M.V. Mishustin, in March of last year, who emphasized that the data of today is the “new oil, gold, and platinum of the 21st century”1. The concept of information as a value does not require additional justification. At the same time, if we analyze the current situation in the field of information technologies, the statement will require significant clarification. According to the Federal Law “On Information, Information Technologies, and Information Protection”, information consists of messages and data regardless of their presentation form. These regulations find their wide practical implementation not only in the activities of social network users and information operators, but even in the conservative law enforcement sphere. Thus, in applied research, the need to use the entire range of information — operational, statistical, and reference — from various sources, including the Internet, has been noted for quite a long time. Thus, it should be assumed that only information in the form of messages is the key value when information is an object of commodity-market relations. We must disagree with this statement for the following reasons: As mentioned above, the development and spread of digital communication technologies currently require the regulation of relations between people arising in cyberspace. In developing this thesis, it should be stated that these factors have generated a number of phenomena that were previously quite difficult to imagine. The most striking example, in our opinion, is the following: Digital communication technologies are not only messengers, electronic mailboxes, and various social networks. They also comprise a significant number of online entertainment programs, which, first of all, should include online network games. Many people involved in the game process (sometimes the number of users reaches dozens of millions2), form communities that exist according to certain 1 https://yandex.ru/turbo?text=https%3A%2F%2Ftass.ru%2Fpolitika% 2F7959893&utm_source=yxnews&utm_medium= mobile&utm_ referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fyandex.ru%2Fnews.03brand.2020) (accessed on: 10.05.2021). 2 https://zen.yandex.ru/media/wotankist/skolko-vsego-liudei-igraet- world-of-tanks-5cc0439c621b6d00b28b2ff0 (accessed on: 10.05.2021). ACTUAL TOPIC 26 the video hosting owners to the person who places the most popular videos. What is the determining factor that affects the profitability or unprofitability of a particular video? The key factor of success is its distribution among users, i.e., the more information field a certain content occupies, the higher its price. “The growth of digital information seems really unstoppable. According to big data research sources, 90% of the data that exists in the world today was created in the last 10 years. Today, 1021 bits of information are created in the world per year, and the speed of their production is constantly growing. Every year, the number of created bits increases by 20%. If such rates continue in the coming centuries, then in 300 years the power required to generate these bits will exceed all the current energy consumption of mankind…However, with an increase of 20% per year, by the year 2370, the amount of bits produced will exceed the number of atoms on Earth”8. Thus, it is easy to guess that in the near future a constraint may arise whereby only valuable information will be subject to storage. With a shortage of capacity for other content, the user, trying to save his or her information, will pay for its storage. In turn, this will mean that it will be more profitable to store only those data that directly benefit the user, in comparison to constant payment for storage. REFERENCES 1. Igonina NA, Kakitelashvili MM. The use of modern technologies in the activities of the prosecutor's office legal acts. Bulletin of the Academy of the General of the Russian Federation. 2015;4(48):49–54. (In Russ.). 2. Kolesov MV. On the importance of information Russian journal of legal research. 2020;7(1):119–122. СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ 1. Игонина Н.А., Какителашвили менных технологий в деятельности обеспечению законности правовых Генеральной прокуратуры 2. Колесов М.В. О важности информации ществе // Российский журнал Т. 7. № 1. С. 119–122. AUTHOR INFORMATION Mikhail V. Kolesov, candidate of jurisprudence, professor; e-mail: наук, профессор; e-mail: [email protected] 9 Davydov O., Putin claimed the Internet can destroy the society from within. Lenta.ru. https://turbo.lenta.ru/news/2021/03/04/putin_inet/ (accessed on: 10.05.2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/Rjls71325 Том 8, № 2, 2021 Российский журнал правовых исследований. 47 the essence of which is to consider property relations as a single of property and legal regulation complement and replace each other. law and justice gives examples of such phenomena. Court of the Russian Federation, which show a connection between the Russian Constitutional Court of December 08, 2017 No. 39-П, which was to the possibility of the subsidy of state coercion and confirmed the new con- of the Russian Civil Code. Delicate liability began to transform and became right, but also an expanded reimbursement of “purely economic not resulting from physical injury to a person or property.” From these Russian Constitutional Court of 05.03.2019 No. 14-П and from 02.07 2020 fact that the possibility of recovering purely economic losses under is assumed, i.e., it indirectly stems from the content of the decision. In use of tort liability situations involving public relations shows that, thanks civil law and the article by the institution of inter-industry. legal personality; subsidiarity; arrears; tax and civil law. system. Russian journal of legal studies. 2021;8(2):47–52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/RJLS71260 Accepted: 12.05.2021 Published: 25.06.2021 © Эко-Вектор, 2021 Vol. 8 (2) 2021 Russian journal of legal studies университет новая правовая тенденция, суть которой заключается в том, чтобы рассма- как единый комплекс, где границы отдельных сегментов имущественно-право- и замещают друг друга. и, в первую очередь, прецедентно-правовых судебных решений дает примеры такого Постановления Конституционного Суда РФ, демонстрирующие связь налогового всего, это Постановление КС РФ от 08.12.2017 № 39-П, которое явилось в опреде- как ввело возможность субсидиарности государственного принуждения и подтвер- складываться в цивилистике новое содержание деликтной ответственности, РФ. Деликтная ответственность начала трансформироваться и стала не только сред- абсолютного права, но и расширилась до возмещения «чисто экономических как «физический ущерб, не являющийся следствием физического увечья (по- С этих позиций в статье анализируются Постановления КС РФ от 05.03.2019 объединяет то, что вопрос о возможности взыскания чисто экономических решениях предполагается, т.е. косвенно вытекает из содержания решения. те случаи, когда деликтную ответственность пытаются применить к ситуациям, свидетельствуют о том, что благодаря расширению своего содержания она рамки гражданско-правового института и стать институтом межотраслевым. ответственность; чисто экономические убытки; правосубъектность государства; субси- и гражданское право. убытки» бюджетной системы РФ // Российский журнал правовых исследований. Т. 8. № 2. 2021. С. 47–52. Рукопись одобрена: 12.05.2021 Опубликована: 25.06.2021 © Eco-Vector, 2021 LAW AND ECONOMY Том 8, № 2, 2021 Российский журнал правовых исследований.. 49 to apply measures of tax and legal coercion in connection with late payment of tax and the arrears’ formation. In addition, this Resolution by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation confirmed the new content of tort liability provided for in Article 1064 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, which had already begun to take shape in civil law. More precisely, an expansive approach to the content of tort liability provided for in Article 1064 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation has gradually begun to manifest itself in civil law. In the Soviet times, the content of civil tort liability included the concept of damage caused exclusively to property or a person, and the property that was harmed should have been within the victim’s possession before the damage was caused. In other words, only the absolute rights of a person were protected by tort liability. Today, the number of civil law disputes is gradually increasing, and the courts are focused on satisfying the victims’ claims for compensation for damages that have a so-called economic nature and are not related to physical damage to their property. At the same time, third parties have begun to participate in such cases. In civil law, tort liability is going through a transformation process and has become not only a means of providing compensation for harm to the absolute right owner, but also a means to provide compensation for “purely economic losses,” i.e., financial damage that is not the result of physical injury (damage) of a person or his property. Based on the foregoing, the above mentioned Resolution by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation at the level of case-law regulation confirmed a new approach to tort liability provided for in Article 1064 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, ensuring the expansion of its content. After all, it is obvious that the arrears formed in connection with causing harm to the state due to non-payment of tax does not damage the original property status of the state, i.e., it does not affect its absolute rights. Accordingly, in this Resolution by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the civil damage caused to the budget system of the Russian Federation is expressed in purely economic losses. The mentioned Resolution by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation contains a number of restrictions on the application of tort liability under Article 1064 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Firstly, with regard to situations arising from tax legal relations, it establishes that such application is possible only in two cases: a) after the termination of the taxpayer organization, which should be recorded in the Unified State Register of Legal Entities, and b) after the court finds that the organization is actually not operating, and it is impossible to recover arrears and penalties from it. Secondly, and this is very important, although it has remained unnoticed in science until now: in the Resolution, the possibility of subsidiary application of civil liability measures’ to situations arising from public legal relations is available to a different category of persons than https://doi.org/10.17816/Rjls71260 Vol. 8 (2) 2021 Russian journal of legal studies Meanwhile, it is important to emphasize here that in this case, what is not considered as harm from the point of view of the regulatory content at the civil law institution of tort liability is considered as harm (loss) caused to the state. After all, it is known that according to Article 15 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, losses are understood as “expenses that a person whose right has been violated has made or will have to make to restore the violated right". In this case, the absolute right of the state is not violated. The decision to make or not to make expenses in connection with the bankruptcy procedure are the risks that the tax authority initiating the bankruptcy procedure face, because according to paragraph three of Article 59 of the Federal Law On Insolvency (Bankruptcy), it is responsible for paying off unpaid debts from the debtor’s property. In this regard, the tax authority, when filing a complaint with the court, did not try to resolve the issue of compensation for damage, because there was no damage, but there was a risk of damage, i.e., its right to either take the risk or to shift it to another entity- the debtor’s representative. Since the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation did not discuss the issue of the quality of the harm and its compliance with the regulatory content of the tort liability regulation, it is legitimate to assume that the court, following the trend emerging in practice, considered the tax authority’s losses not as losses arising from modern civil legislation, but as purely economic losses that can generally be satisfied. This situation is to a certain extent similar to the situation that was considered in the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on December 8, 2017 No. 39-П. It is similar because it demonstrates a tendency to move away from the established civil tort liability concept and to maintain the concept of collecting “purely economic losses” within the framework of this liability. The tax authority, having suffered losses due to the inability to satisfy the public interest at the expense of the debtor organization in public law, decided to satisfy it at the expense of the debtor organization head in civil law according to Article 1064 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. To some extent, the same logic of reflection gives rise In fact, the to the Resolution by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation No. 32-П of February, 07, 2020. In practice, the situation became widespread when the prosecutor's office began suing individual taxpayers for the recovery of arrears recognized as hopeless. In other words, the formation of arrears, which was recognized as hopeless in public law, according to the prosecutor's office, could be considered as harm caused to the budget system, and in some cases be compensated in civil law. In the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation case No. 32-П, the individual entrepreneur I.S. Mashukov unreasonably declared tax deductions for VAT. The tax authority added VAT, penalties, and a fine to him. I.S. Mashukov appealed the tax authority’s decision to the court and filed a petition for interim measures. The court DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/Rjls71260 Том 8, № 2, 2021 Российский журнал правовых исследований.. 51 The above discussion may elicit reflections the ongoing processes in law, about the blurring of the boundaries between public law and civil law sanctions and about the practical possibility of applying tort liability to situations arising from public relations. The complexity of this issue is connected, surprisingly, with such a fundamental category as legal personality. The application of civil law enforcement measures by the state to relations arising from public legal relations is quite obviously, the realization of its civil legal personality. However, it should be considered that the state is a special entity that has civil legal personality along with public legal personality, and the latter is common, because due to public legal personality, the state can only, first of all, ensure its public interest. The implementation of public legal personality by the state is a direct way for it to exercise public power. The civil legal personality of the state, on the other hand, is considered a target for it as it applies to special cases that cannot be covered by the state’s implementation of the public legal personality2. For example, it was noted in science that the state uses its civil legal personality when it is impossible to replenish budget revenues other than at the expense of civil legal payments, rent for leasing state property, sale of state property, etc. [3; 4]. In connection with the above, it should be understood that the state, having a dualistic legal personality, in order to realize its public interests, can realize both its public and private legal personality, but in relation to different cases, situations, and subjects. The application of civil law enforcement measures by the state (Article 1064 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) to relations arising from public relations in connection with the taxpayer's failure to pay taxes and the inability to collect them forcibly is the state’s implementation of its civil legal personality. However, a pertinent question at this juncture is whether the civil legal personality of the state can be implemented vicariously when the realization of its public legal personality, and accordingly, the provision of its public interest cannot be made at the expense of this? In other words, in relation to our situation, the question sounds like this: can the state, unable to satisfy its public interest via the public legal personality implementation (collect tax in accordance with the legislation on taxes and fees), realize its civil legal personality to ensure its public interest vicariously, in a civil procedure? It seems that this is impossible and should not be so, because in this case, the state turns into a monster with two heads, and it is placed in a special legal position in comparison to any other law subject, because unlike any other law subject, it can ensure its interest in any case, by 2 In the Ruling by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation No. 139-O of December 4, 1997, the court emphasized that "the Rus- sian Federation, subjects of the Russian Federation and municipalities participate in civil legal relations as subjects with special legal capacity, which, due to their public legal nature, does not coincide with the legal capacity of other civil law subjects, citizens and legal entities pursuing their private interests". DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/Rjls71260 Vol. 8 (2) 2021 Russian journal of legal studies type of legal personality of the state is not strengthened at the expense of another one. An example is the Resolution by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of August, 1, 2017, which is plausible because the arrears and penalties not paid to the budget system by an organization in accordance with the procedure established by the Tax Code of the Russian Federation are considered as civil damages only if it is compensated by an individual, i.e., a different subject, but only in specific cases. This is very important, because it is then impossible to discuss the subsidiary use of the state’s civil legal personality. Otherwise, if civil liability measures are applied to the same subject, then the state’s subsidiary legal personality will take place. 3. Andreyev YuN. Responsibility of the State for causing harm. St. Petersburg, 2013. 377 p. (In Russ.). 4. Civil law. St. Petersburg, 1996. 550 р. (In Russ.). гражданское правоотноше- 3. Андреев Ю.Н. Ответственность государства за причинение вреда. СПб., 2013. 377 с. право как средство взыскания чи- 4. Гражданское право / Под ред. Ю.К. Толстого, А.П. Сергеева. // Вестник экономического право- СПб., 1996. 550 с. ОБ АВТОРЕ Марина Валентиновна Карасева, доктор юридических наук, class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="462b30352328323529302706212b272f2a6825292b">[email protected] профессор; e-mail: [email protected] DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/Rjls71260 Том 8, № 2, 2021 Российский журнал правовых исследований. 53 the Government of the Russian Federation in developed legal systems, the use of block chain technology, in civil turnover, and the introduction of the possibility of settlements in digi- of the economy and, ultimately, improve the quality of life of citizens. from the introduction of digital technologies in the sphere of values enshrined in the Basic Laws of certain states. While acknowledging activity is one of the indicators of national economic security, special of the means of criminal legal protection of the monetary system, transformation. This is due to the fact that digital financial technologies carry factors. of the monetary circulation and the effectiveness of currency restrictions, of the economic system, the exchange rate of the national currency, for stable development, and the country's position in the international imbalances in the world economy and the global financial systems, gap between the valuation of real assets and derivative securities, it is that becomes one of the stabilizing tools in the system of state mea- decline in the role of traditional factors of economic growth associated as high-risk around the world due to the instability of their ex- risks of the introduction of digital technologies, therefore, requires an of criminal liability for crimes in the field of digital finance. digital finance; criminal liability. for crimes that infringe digital finance. Russian journal of legal studies. 2021;8(2):53–60. Federation Presidential Grant No. НШ-2668-2020.6 «National-Cultural and Digital Trends in the the Russian Federation in the 21st Century». Рукопись одобрена: 07.05.2021 Опубликована: 22.06.2021 © Эко-Вектор, 2021 Vol. 8 (2) 2021 Russian journal of legal studies регламентации за преступления и сравнительного правоведения при Правительстве Российской Федерации сферы финансов в развитых правопорядках, использование технологии блокчейна, в гражданском обороте и введение возможности расчета в цифровых валютах повышению эффективности экономики и, в конечном итоге, улучшению качества жизни прогрессивность и позитивные ожидания от внедрения цифровых технологий не могут служить гарантией защиты ценностей, закрепленных в Основных за- С учетом того, что уровень преступности в сфере экономической деятельности явля- состояния экономической безопасности, особое внимание необходимо уделить анализу развития средств уголовно-правовой охраны валютно-денежной системы, претер- процесс цифровой трансформации. Это связано с тем, что цифровые финансовые прочего, определенные риски для валютно-денежной системы, обусловленные онирования сферы валютно-денежного обращения и эффективности валютных например макроэкономические показатели стабильности экономической системы, достижение необходимого для стабильного развития уровня сальдо платежного ба- международной арене и проч. структурных дисбалансов в мировой экономике и мировой финансовой системе, задолженности, увеличения разрыва между стоимостной оценкой реальных активов резкого снижения роли традиционных факторов обеспечения экономического роста, ческими изменениями, именно сфера валютного регулирования и валютного контро- зирующих инструментов в системе государственных мер поддержки экономики. новыми технологиями, признаны высокорисковыми по всему миру в связи с неста- Учет данных, а равно иных рисков внедрения цифровых технологий поэтому одательной регламентации уголовной ответственности за преступления в сфере преступления; цифровизация; криптовалюты; цифровые финансы; уголовная ответ- тельной регламентации уголовной ответственности за преступления в сфере цифровых финансов // Российский 2021. Т. 8. № 2. С. 53–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/RJLS65200 при поддержке РФФИ в рамках проекта № 18-29-16062мк «Концепция правового обеспечения цифровизации Accepted: 07.05.2021 Published: 22.06.2021 © Eco-Vector, 2021 Том 8, № 2, 2021 Российский журнал правовых исследований. 55 Despite the variety of digital financial instruments available, in the analysis of regulating a new sphere of public relations, we may generally identify a particular digital financial instrument as property, goods (work and service), or currency value identified in digital form. 1.1. Digital financial instruments are a special kind of property that does not relate to individually defined things. Despite the fact that the social and economic aspects of such property reflect its formal, but not material boundaries, which are essentially absent , nevertheless, property rights guarantees can and should be applied to it. In this regard, a digital financial instrument, in fact, formally falls under the category of assets, i.e. things, rights, or actual states, specific opportunities, or advantages for the subject, the receipt of which, on the basis of law, may have value, considering a special calculation. 1.2. From the point of view of civil turnover, digital financial goods (works and services) are economic goods (works and services) intended for sale, exchange, or other introduction into circulation, which have full or significant interchangeability and, as a rule, rely on a blockchain or a decentralized cryptographic register to cause their functioning. For example, mining equipment or crypto custody services belong to this category. 1.3. Currency values are valuable and generally highly liquid funds that do not have a purely utilitarian purpose, collective term, which, characterized by convertibility and extraterritoriality, while maintaining their own nominal value [10, p. 143-145] as a kind of universal economic good. It is obvious that digital financial instruments have such features. We recall also that due to their monetary nature and possibility of extraterritorial use, foreign currencies, external securities, as well as international monetary or settlement units are identified as currency values. The differences between them are not limited to their form but have a more meaningful Graph 3 Central bank- issued Virtual currency Peer-to-peer Settlement or reserve accounts Deposited Local currency CBCC (wholesale) currency accounts CBCC (retail) Cryptocurrency (wholesale) Crypto- Cash currency Commodity money © Bank for International Settlements Accessibly on: https://www.bis.org/publ/qtrpdf/r_qt1709f.htm © Эко-Вектор, 2021 УГОЛОВНОЕ ПРАВО И ПРОЦЕСС Vol. 8 (2) 2021 Russian journal of legal studies these explanations includes non-cash and electronic money that does not have a material expression, due to the principle of legality, such a position is not subject to an extended interpretation. Moreover, digital financial instruments differ from electronic and non-cash funds at an essential level. currency Cryptocurrencies are not directly affected by the same requirements for the subject matter of theft due to the peculiarities of accounting for actions with digital records, which as a rule reflect only the fact of using a private key at a certain point in time. For example, the transfer of 1 BTC consists in using a private key confirming this transaction, while the corresponding entry in the blockchain verifies the operation. However, this 1 BTC is de facto not influenced by the subject matter remaining "in the same place". The understanding that a digital financial instrument is an economic good for its owner and also essentially differs from any previous forms of expression of economic benefits (primarily money), inevitably leads to the need to revise the traditional approach to determining the subject matter of theft and change the concept of legal regulation and legal understanding of theft as it is now. 2.2. The sector of digital financial goods (works and services) is a rapidly developing area of economic activity. It should include, for example, activities to ensure the safety of digital financial instruments (crypto custody business) and the "extraction" of digital financial instruments using mining equipment. Ensuring the safety of digital financial instruments is a financial (banking) service, the detailed regulation of which can be found in German legislation. According to Section 32 (1) of the German Banking Act (Kreditwesengesetz, KWG), the conduct of banking activities or the provision of financial services in Germany on a commercial basis or to the extent for which the establishment of a commercial enterprise is necessary, requires the written permission from the German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin). Referring to the German experience of regulating the provision of digital financial services, a clarification of banking legislation and, consequently, the composition of the relevant crime, will be required. At the same time, new so-called crypto crimes that are not considered in the national criminal legislation are becoming very common today. For example, this applies to the phenomenon of hidden mining, i.e., unauthorized secret use of the resources from the user's computer (server) in order to extract benefits in the form of a potentially possible reward for carrying out such activities. It is noteworthy that in the designated context, these actions do not in fact differ from any other actions of a person using someone else's equipment without the owner's permission (the same harm is caused). In addition, not all cryptocurrencies use the mining mechanism. However, attackers use those cryptocurrencies that are built on this mechanism in order to obtain a potential reward for hidden actions with the DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/Rjls65200 УГОЛОВНОЕ ПРАВО И ПРОЦЕСС Том 8, № 2, 2021 Российский журнал правовых исследований.. 57 constantly changing threats, including those in connection with the development of technologies. For example, the relevant measures are consistently implemented in the European Union at the level of mandatory Directives for member States on combating Money Laundering. In contrast to international regulation, the national approaches to countering this type of socially dangerous behavior is objectively limited by the legislation peculiarities, not only in criminal law, but also in the civil, financial, and other spheres, as well as relevant judicial applications of the law. The subject of the crime, according to the explanation by the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation (Resolution No. 32, July 7, 2015), consists of money or other property deliberately acquired by persons in a criminal way, as well as received as a material reward for the crime committed or as a payment for the sale of items restricted in civil circulation. At the same time, cash means cash in the currency of the Russian Federation or in foreign currency, as well as non — cash funds, including electronic money, under other property (movable and immovable property), property rights, documentary and non-documentary securities, as well as property obtained as a result of processing property acquired by criminal means or as a result of committing a crime (for example, a real estate object built from building materials acquired by criminal means). Such an explanation follows the civil-legal characteristics of the objects of civil rights. In accordance with Article 128 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation: “To the objects of civil rights shall be referred the things, among them money and securities, and also the other kinds of the property, such as the rights of property; the works and services; information; the results of intellectual activities, including the exclusive right to these (the intellectual property); the non-material values”. Under this definition, property rights would include non- cash funds, non-documentary securities, and digital rights. However, it should be recognized that the objects of civil rights listed in said Article 128 of still do not give a complete idea of the analyzed subject of the crime. Due to the ambiguity of the legal regime for digital financial instruments, the open list of objects of civil rights specified in the law does not add certainty and clarity to the qualification of regulatory legal relations in circulation and protective ones when committing offenses using cryptocurrencies and other instruments [13, p. XVI, 91]. The analysis of civil legislation, legislation on digital financial assets, the national payment system, as well as on currency regulation and currency control does not allow the direct attribution of the so-called foreign tokens, prevention of the cryptocurrencies, and other digital financial instruments to the considered subject of the crime. However, in accordance with the FATF recommendations, of the European 2015), the EU Directive cryptocurrencies, for example, are a kind of virtual money. Namely, they are decentralized, convertible, distributed, DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/Rjls65200 Vol. 8 (2) 2021 Russian journal of legal studies This conclusion is also confirmed by the peculiarities in the functioning of information systems that consider records of crediting or debiting funds, since technologies exclude the possibility of giving records a significant similarity to the original. The validation stage of the record allows the determination with certainty whether the record is authentic. If the system confirms the "falsified" record, it does not become fake, since the possibility of verifying this validity fact is excluded. However, this does not exclude the possibility of putting into circulation funds that are not controlled by the state in non-cash, electronic, or digital forms, which may lead to a violation of the balance between the amount of financial power" concept, resources in circulation and the total volume of expenditures in the economy [21, pp. 118–119]. The immediate object of the described crime seems to undergo negative changes, not only because of cash and currency values counterfeiting, but also during the "falsification" of non-cash, electronic, or level to express digital funds. In this case, we are talking about the fact that the information system identified the record submitted for verification with the true state of affairs, but only in form, not in content. Probably in this context, it is necessary to conduct a scientific discussion about the need and possibility of including an independent corpus delicti in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Thus, the legal vacuum of the new sphere in public relations, its subordination to algorithms and programs on the one hand, and the "analog" nature of the analyzed criminal legislation norms on the other, form barriers to achieving the proper efficiency level of criminal legal protection in the national monetary system. The digital space has so far been left without the necessary "infrastructure" that can protect the subjects of public relations, including by criminal law means. Nevertheless, the analyzed features of the digital financial instruments identification allows the visualization of the elements of the possible evolution in existing criminal law means and the development of new ones to protect these relations in the conditions of their digitalization. The introduction of digital technologies into national financial systems should be conditioned by the improvement in the structures of crimes that encroach on the monetary system and the development of new ones, while considering the understanding of digital principles and rules for the circulation of digital financial instruments. B.G. Badmaev, A.R. Batyaeva, 3rd ed. Moscow: Prospect, DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/Rjls65200 Том 8, № 2, 2021 Российский журнал правовых исследований.. 59 12. Pechegin DA. Qualification of crimes related to the use of modern electronic entities: the experience of Germany. Russian Journal of Legal Sciences. 2018;(4):120–124. (In Russ.). 13. Sinitsyn S.A. Russian and foreign civil law in the context of robotization and digitalization. Experience of interdisciplinary and industry research: monograph. Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation. Moscow: Infotropik Media, 2020. 212 p. (In Russ.). 14. Egorova MA, Efimova LG. The concept of cryptocurrencies in the context of improving Russian legislation. Lex russica. 2019;(7): 130–140. (In Russ.). 15. Lunts LA. Money and monetary obligations. Moscow, 1998. 131 p. (In Russ.). 16. Krylov OM. Monetary surrogate as a legal category. Administrative and municipal law. 2019;(6):41–49. (In Russ.). 17. Kuchina YaO. Cryptocurrency turnover as an object of crime and doctrinal errors of its perception. Actual problems of Russian law. 2020;(4):118–127. (In Russ.). 18. Yani PS. Fake security as a subject of counterfeiting. Zakonnost’. 2016;(8):25–29. (In Russ.). 19. Volzhenkin BV. Economic crimes. St. Petersburg, 1999. 312 p. (In Russ.). 20. Yasinov OYu. Criminal liability for the manufacture or sale of counterfeit money or securities: counterfeiting: autoref. dis.... cand. yurid. Moscow, 2006. 21 p. (In Russ.). 21. Petryanin AV. Responsibility for the manufacture or sale of counterfeit money or securities: diss.... cand. yurid. nauk. N. Novgorod, 2003. 221 p. (In Russ.). риски оборота крипто- 11. Немова М.И. Криптовалюта как предмет имущественных 2017. Т. 10. № 6. С. 147–154. преступлений // Закон. 2020. № 8. С. 145–154. Право в условиях цифровой 12. Печегин Д.А. Квалификация преступлений, связанных с ис- права. № 1. 2018. С. 85–102. пользованием современных электронных сущностей: опыт Гер- «Финтех» и «регтех»: грани- мании // Российский журнал правовых исследований. 2018. // Право. Журнал Высшей школы № 4. С. 120–124. 13. Синицын С.А. Российское и зарубежное гражданское право в условиях роботизации и цифровизации. Опыт междисципли- нарного и отраслевого исследования: монография / Институт за- активов и неза- конодательства и сравнительного правоведения при Правитель- проблемы противодей- стве Российской Федерации. М.: Инфотропик Медиа, 2020. 212 с. 2020. № 1. С. 101–111. 14. Егорова М.А., Е?

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