7 Tropics Diseases PDF

Disease Transmissio Incubatio Agent Pathogenesis Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment prevention s n mode n period...

Disease Transmissio Incubatio Agent Pathogenesis Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment prevention s n mode n period 1-Intsetinal GIT parasite 1-Abdominal 1.direct microscopy Metronidazole 1) Primary amoebiasis: discomfort. stool examination. Mebendazole prevention. has the ability to 2-Intense pain 2. serological test. Albendazole I) Environmental hydrolyze host tissues localized on 3. Culture-Based and sanitation with their active right side. Methods. thiabendazole Sanitation (fecal oral enzymes present on 3-Dysentery. 4. molecular Water supply transmissio the surface membrane 4-bloody stool. biology : Polymerase Food hygiene Ameobi Entamoeba n) fecal few days of the trophozoite. 5-Fever. chain reaction II) Health to few 2-Extra Intsetinal.(PCR) asis histolytica contaminate information weeks amoebiasis: d food or 5.Small intestinal dissemination A. Hepatic water biopsy. 2)Secondary Amebaiasis. 6. Imaging B. Pulmonary prevention Amebaiasis. diagnosis Case control and X-Ray and Other treatment C. Cerebral Scans Amebaiasis Epidemic measures Cause enterocytes diarrhea 1.direct Microscopy Metronidazole 1) Primary Mebendazole prevention. damage and loss of Malaise. stool examination. (fecal oral Nausea and 2. serological test. Albendazole I) Environmental transmissio brush border of vomiting 3. Culture-Based and sanitation n) thiabendazole Sanitation epithelial cells of the Weight loss Methods. Giardia Giardia 1-2 fecal 4. molecular Water supply sis lamblia weeks intestine that leads to contaminate biology : Polymerase Food hygiene d food or shortening of chain reaction II) Health water.(PCR) information microvilli and altered 5.Small intestinal dissemination biopsy. 2) Secondary epithelial barrier 6. Imaging prevention diagnosis Case control and function this X-Ray and Other treatment pathology results in Scans Epidemic aqueous diarrhea, measures steatorrhea, nausea, abdominal pain , vomiting and weight loss.  Methods of Clinical Features/ Disease Causative Agent Incubation Period Complications Transmission S&S  Cholera: is an Vibrio cholerae Contaminated food or 12 hr - 5 days Watery diarrhea, acute diarrhoeal bacteria(V cholerae O1 ) water. vomiting,  ARF. dehydration, disease that can is a comma-shaped, Fecal oral rote.  Hypovolemic shock. gram-negative aerobic ( person-to-person muscle cramps, kill within hours if  Death. or facultative an aerobic contact ) low blood left untreated. bacilli. pressure, shock (in severe cases) Pathogenesis Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Bacteria Confirmation Support therapy : a) Chlorination. produce a toxin  Microscopic Examination - Rehydration therapy. b) Vaccination (after 1 (Exotoxin) affecting (Diagnostic stages) Specific therapy : year age only and after the intestines, causing severe diarrhea and  Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT)  Antibiotics : outbreak). dehydration. (Detection Ag). - Doxycycline. c) Health education. -Infective dose 103  Microbiology - Tetracycline. d) Personal hygiene and to 108 CFU. Culture on TCBS with antisera - Azithromycine. sanitation. test. e) Controlling the spread  Immunological test (ELISA) of infection.  Molecular detection(PCR) Progressive tests : - Potassium level. - Serum Creatinine level. - CBC , LFT. - Blood pressure test. - X- ray  Causative Methods of Incubation Clinical Features/ Disease Complications Agent Transmission Period S&S ADIS: is the late HIV1 (Most 1.Unprotected sex 3 month – *first stage Tuberculosis stage of HIV Common), 2.Contaminated 10 years 1.influenza-like illness Crptococcal infection that HIV2 blood transfusion 2.Varicosities of lymph nods infection occurs when the 3.Hypodermic *second stage Hepatitis B and C body's immune needles 1.Not determent with specific time Sexually system is badly 4.From mother to because is differential from person transmitted damaged because child during to anther person infection and of the virus. pregnancy (needed from one to ten years to cervical cancer delivery appears) anemia 5.Breast feeding 2.Diarrea 3.Weight loss 4.High temperature 5.Shortness of breath Pathogenesis Diagnosis Treatment Prevention HIV virus enter Confirmation Treatment of HIV for adult: Prevention includes into the host Serological test tenofovir/lamivudine300mg/dolutegravir50mg educating yourself cells and binds rapid tests Treatment of HIV for children: about HIV and avoiding itself a receptor ELISA Abacavir60mg/lamivudine30mg+ any behavior that allows (T cells CD4) PCR (lopinavir100mg/ritonavir25mg) HIV transmission in to and releases its Progressive Tests: Prevention of mother to child Transmission: your body as : RNA in to the CBC test Zidovudine 50mg /5ml + Lamivudin 50mg/ 5 ml infected fluids – blood , host cell. Liver Function Test + Nevirapin 50mg /5ml semen – vaginal – Kidney Function Test secretions and breast Viral load, CD4 milk. Chest X-Ray  Methods of Incubation Clinical Features/ Disease Causative Agent Complications Transmission Period S&S Malaria: is a P. falciparum (Most Vector borne (Bites 9 – 14 days Classic malaria Sever Malaria: mosquito-borne Common), of infected female (P. falciparum) paroxysm Cerebral Malaria infectious disease P. vivax, Anopheles Cold Stage Impaired consciousness caused by protozoa P. ovale, mosquitoes to Fever Stage (Coma & Seizures) of the genus P. malariae and human) Sweeting Stage Hepatomegaly Plasmodium P.knowlesi (Infected stage sporozoites) Pathogenesis Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Erythrocytic & Confirmation Mild to Moderate: Vector control exo-erythrocytic Microscopic Examination Artemisinin-based combination therapies Indoor residual spraying schizonts mature (Diagnostic stages) (ACTs) Long-lasting insecticidal Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) - Artemether + lumefantrine (The typical and net (LLIN), mosquito (detection Ag) most common anti-malaria in Yemen) net. Serological test (ELISA) Environment Larva Molecular detection(PCR) Sever Malaria: Source Management Progressive Hospitalization Hematological test Artesunate I.V injection (CBC: Hb, WBC, PLT) Quinine IV infusion within 5% glucose Biochemical Test Supportive Therapy (RBS, RFT, LFT) CRP  Methods of Clinical Features/ Disease Causative Agent Incubation Period Complications Transmission S&S Measles is a highly Morbilli virus person-to-person 7-18 days The symptoms of contagious, serious contact.(spread by measles usually appear airborne disease contact with infected about 10 days after caused by a virus that nasal or throat secretions exposure to an infected can lead to sever (coughing,sneezing or person. complications and death. breathing the air). - blotchy redrash, - Portal of entry: Fever ,tiredness - respiratory tract. severe cough - - Entry can also occur conjunctivitis (red through conjunctiva eyes) -runny nose -white spots in the mouth Pathogenesis Diagnosis Treatment Prevention 1. Hematological findings in measles supportive care and prevention and treatment of Getting recommended vaccinations, patient complications and secondary infections and simple habits like CBC,wbc ✓ Antipyretic Safe food handling Taking acetaminophen for fever: practicing safe food handling and 2. Serology Tests or NSAIDs for pain (ibuprofen) washing your hands, ✓ Antibiotic 1. Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) 3. Molecular diagnosis( PCR ) vaccine: Children :thefirst dose ✓ Vitamin A (retinol) 4.Key Laboratory Diagnostic Points (0.5ml S.C*( is usually given at 9 Getting plenty of rest. Others: months.Asecond dose should be given Drinking lots of fluids. Chest x_Ray later in childhood, usually at Avoiding harsh light if your eyes hurt. CTscan 15–18 months Taking acetaminophen for fever:.Adult: receive at least one dose of the or NSAIDs for pain (ibuprofen) MMR vaccine.receive two doses of the vaccine at least 28 days  Methods of Incubation Clinical Features/ Disease Causative Agent Complications Transmission Period S&S pneumonia: is form Bacteria Inhalation of can appear days Fever, Cough, (Respiratory Failure) of acute respiratory (Streptococcus droplets,Aspiration , to weeks (even Shortness of Lung abscess infection that affects pneumoniae), Close contact with years) after breath, Fatigue the lungs Viruses ,Fungi infected individuals exposure, Chest pain depending on the germ that causes the disease Pathogenesis Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Infection of alveoli Sputum Test, , Direct smear Mild to Moderate: Children from 2 months to 5 causing inflammation Acid-fast bacilli (AFB), years - Vaccinatio Fluids,pus Ziehl Neelsen Stain, b Ceftriaxone (3 ): 50 mg/kg once /day (Pneumococcal Culturing thespecimen orAmpicillin (3 ) : 50 mg/kg / 6 hours growing mycobacteria ،vaccination (conjuagate) + Gentamicin (3 ) 6 mg/kg once daily on solid or liquid - Good Hygiene If the child's condition deteriorates or does not media. Bacteriologic improve after 48 hours of correct culture remains the - Avoid Smoking administration, add cloxacillin IV: 25 to 50 gold standard mg/kg every 6 hours. -Healthy Lifesty Pulse Oximetry , Sever Malaria: ceftriaxone as above | Chest X-ray, + cloxacillin IV infusion: Children: 25 to 50 mg/kg every 6 hours, Adults: 2 g every 6 hours Ventilator support  Methods of Incubation Clinical Features/ Disease Causative Agent Complications Transmission Period S&S Dengue fever is a Dengue virus Typically 4-10 1-Sudden high Severe dengue can lead mosquito-borne (DENV), which has 1- Primarily days after being 2-Fever to dengue hemorrhagic viral infection four distinct transmitted by bitten by an 3- Severe fever (DHF) causing flu-like serotypes (DENV-1, Aedes mosquitoes, infected headache Dengue shock illness and can DENV-2, DENV-3, especially Aedes mosquito. 4- Pain behind syndrome (DSS), which develop into severe and DENV-4). aegypti and Aedes the eyes can cause severe dengue, potentially albopictus. 5- Joint and bleeding, blood plasma lethal. muscle pain leakage, 6- Rash organ impairment, and 7- Mild bleeding can be fatal. (nose or gums) 8- Easy bruising. Pathogenesis Diagnosis Treatment Prevention The virus enters the Blood tests detecting the ♕No specific antiviral treatment; 1- Mosquito control bloodstream virus, antibodies, or nucleic 1- Supportive care includes hydration, pain measures (eliminating through a mosquito acids (PCR, NS1 antigen test, relievers (acetaminophen), and hospital care for breeding sites, using bite, infects and IgM/IgG serology tests). severe cases. insect repellent, and immune cells, and Note:- Avoid NSAIDs like ibuprofen and aspirin, wearing protective spreads throughout which can increase the risk of bleeding. clothing) the body, triggering 2- community-based a strong immune programs response. In severe 3-vaccination (Dengvaxia cases, vascular is available in some leakage and countries for those hemorrhagic previously infected). symptoms occur.  A brief informed table of Diphtheria Mode of Clinical Features/ Disease Causative Agent Incubation Period Complications Transmission Signs&Symptoms (Diphtheria) is an Corynebacterium Person to person 2 to 5 days (range, Respiratory diphtheria Cardiac complications acute, bacterial diphtheria through respiratory 1 to 10 days), It is (Pharyngeal, tonsillar (myocardial dysfunction and disease caused by C diphtheria is droplets communicable for erythema), arrhythmias and, toxin producing aerobic non- Not vaccinate or 2-6 weeks without Pseudomembrane occasionally, pericarditis and strains of capsulated, non- immunodepressive antibiotic Difficulty swallowing endocarditis) Corynebacterium motile, gram- or have low treatment. Respiratory distress Neurologic toxicity is diphtheria positive bacillus antitoxin or manifesting as stridor, depending on the pharyngeal antibody levels are cyanosis infection severity it includes most susceptible Sore throat, Peripheral neuritis paralysis People. Angioedema, of soft palate. Hoarseness nerve's motor defect of the Barking cough proximal muscle Enlarged lymph nodes Shock and multiple organ- dysfunction syndrome (MODS) Airway-obstruction Pathogenesis Diagnosis Treatment Prevention The organism produces a toxin Microscopy: Albert Stain: Specific Treatment Vaccination: that inhibits cellular protein (polymorphic greenbluish Rods) 1. Diphtheria Antitoxin (DAT) 1. Pentavalent 3 doses on synthesis. Gram Stain: (chines letters Pharyngeal or laryngeal of 2 days’ duration routine The toxin is responsible for pattern) gram positive bacilli. 20000 -40000 iu. 2. Booster dose: local tissue destruction and Microbiology: Blood (BA) Nasopharyngeal disease 40000 -60000 iu Pentavalent after 2, 5 years formation of the culture, Tinsdale Media(TM) - Extensive disease of 3 or more days’ TD At 10 years pseudomembrane that is Small gray slightly raised duration or any patient with swelling of pregnant women 5 doses TD characteristic of this disease. colonies on BA & neck 80000–00000iu. Prophylaxis antibiotics: The toxin produced at the site Gray black colonies on TM Penicillin G: 50000 iu \ kg \12 h Azithromycin 1x3 of the membrane is absorbed *ECG and Troponin I Test Erythromycin: 15 -25 mg \ kg\ 6 h (10 mg/kg ) into the bloodstream, then *EIA, ELIZA assay 2. Support care Erythromycin distributed to the tissues. PCR (polymerase chain Surgical intervention 1x4x7(10mg/kg) The toxin is responsible for Reaction) (Tracheostomy) Quarantine (Isolation) major complications such as Biochemical tests (electrolytes’ Maintain good personal myocarditis, polyneuropathies, and renal profile) hygiene. and nephritis, Leukocytosis and Thrombocytopenia. *EIA= Enzyme immunoassay, *ELIZA =enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ECG= electrocardiography edited of Diphtheria group