Cell Cycle PDF

General Biology 1 ROWIE MAE D. ESPELITA Learning Competencies Characterize the phases of the cell cycle and their control points. (STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-6) General Biology 1 ROWIE MAE D. ESPELITA  A question will be displayed on the screen. Each group should brainstorm together, but memb...

General Biology 1 ROWIE MAE D. ESPELITA Learning Competencies Characterize the phases of the cell cycle and their control points. (STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-6) General Biology 1 ROWIE MAE D. ESPELITA  A question will be displayed on the screen. Each group should brainstorm together, but members must take turns writing their answers. Wait for the signal before raising your answer. Scores will be tallied, and the group with the highest score will receive an award in the next meeting. What is the name of your General Biology Subject Teacher? What is the name of your General Biology Subject Teacher? Rowie Mae D. Espelita What are the two phases of cell cycle? What are the two phases of cell cycle? Interphase & M Phase (Mitosis) Cell Cycle What is the term for the sequence of events that a cell undergoes to duplicate its genome and divide? a. DNA replication b. Cell growth c. Cell Cycle d. Mitosis What is the term for the sequence of events that a cell undergoes to duplicate its genome and divide? a. DNA replication b. Cell growth c. Cell Cycle d. Mitosis What is the typical duration of the cell cycle in human cells? a. 90 minutes b. 12 hours c. 24 hours d. 48 hours What is the typical duration of the cell cycle in human cells? a. 90 minutes b. 12 hours c. 24 hours d. 48 hours Give an example of a typical eukaryotic cell. What are the two basic phases of the cell cycle? a. G1 and S Phase b. Interphase and M Phase c. Prophase and Metaphase d. Cytokinesis and Karyokinesis What are the two basic phases of the cell cycle? a. G1 and S Phase b. Interphase and M Phase c. Prophase and Metaphase d. Cytokinesis and Karyokinesis What are the three further phases of interphase? a. G1, S, G1 Phases b. Cytokinesis, G1, and Telophase c. M phase, S Phase, G1 phase d. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase What are the three further phases of interphase? a. G1, S, G1 Phases b. Cytokinesis, G1, and Telophase c. M phase, S Phase, G1 phase d. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase What occurs during the G1 phase of the cell cycle? a. Cell growth without DNA replication b. Chromosome separation c. Cytoplasm division d. DNA synthesis What occurs during the G1 phase of the cell cycle? a. Cell growth without DNA replication b. Chromosome separation c. Cytoplasm division d. DNA synthesis What is the role of DNA replication in cell division? a. to increase cell size b. to duplicate genome c. to control cell metabolism d. to separate daughter cells What is the role of DNA replication in cell division? a. to increase cell size b. to duplicate genome c. to control cell metabolism d. to separate daughter cells What might happen if a cell skipped the S phase? a. The cell would duplicate its DNA twice. b. The cell would create extra copies of organelles. c. The daughter cells will have incomplete genomes. d. The cell would proceed to mitosis and divide normally. What might happen if a cell skipped the S phase? a. The cell would duplicate its DNA twice. b. The cell would create extra copies of organelles. c. The daughter cells will have incomplete genomes. d. The cell would proceed to mitosis and divide normally. What happens during the S phase of the cell cycle? a. Karyokinesis occurs b. Cytokinesis takes place c. Cell growth occurs without DNA Replication d. DNA synthesis occurs and the amount of DNA doubles What happens during the S phase of the cell cycle? a. Karyokinesis occurs b. Cytokinesis takes place c. Cell growth occurs without DNA Replication d. DNA synthesis occurs and the amount of DNA doubles What is synthesized during the G2 phase in preparation for mitosis? a. DNA b. Proteins c. Lipids d. RNA What is synthesized during the G2 phase in preparation for mitosis? a. DNA b. Proteins c. Lipids d. RNA What percentage of the cell cycle duration does interphase occupy in human cells? a. 10% b. 25% c. 50% d. More than 95% What percentage of the cell cycle duration does interphase occupy in human cells? a. 10% b. 25% c. 50% d. More than 95% What is the quiescent stage (G0) of the cell cycle? a. The of cell growth b. The phase of cell division c. The phase of DNA replication d. An active stage where cells remain metabolically active but do not proliferate What is the quiescent stage (G0) of the cell cycle? a. The of cell growth b. The phase of cell division c. The phase of DNA replication d. An active stage where cells remain metabolically active but do not proliferate Gap 1 S Phase S Phase Gap 2 What is the importance of cell division in living organisms? a. it is not important at all b. it is only important for plants c. it only occurs in multicellular organisms d. cell division is essential for reproduction What is the importance of cell division in living organisms? a. it is not important at all b. it is only important for plants c. it only occurs in multicellular organisms d. cell division is essential for reproduction What processes occur during cell division? a. only cell growth b only DNA replication c. only chromosome separation d. DNA replication and cell growth What processes occur during cell division? a. only cell growth b only DNA replication c. only chromosome separation d. DNA replication and cell growth What is formed as a result of cell division? a. one daughter cell b. two daughter cells c. a larger parent cell d. multiple daughter cells What is formed as a result of cell division? a. one daughter cell b. two daughter cells c. a larger parent cell d. multiple daughter cells What must happen to ensure correct division and formation of progeny cells? a. process must occur in a coordinated way b. only cell growth is necessary c. processes can occur randomly d. only DNA replication is necessary What must happen to ensure correct division and formation of progeny cells? a. process must occur in a coordinated way b. only cell growth is necessary c. processes can occur randomly d. only DNA replication is necessary What is the relationship between cell growth and the cell cycle? a. Cell growth is continuous while DNA synthesis occurs at a specific stage b. Cell growth is unrelated to the cell cycle c. Cell growth happens only after division d. Both occur simultaneously What is the relationship between cell growth and the cell cycle? a. Cell growth is continuous while DNA synthesis occurs at a specific stage b. Cell growth is unrelated to the cell cycle c. Cell growth happens only after division d. Both occur simultaneously What controls the events that occur during cell division? a. environmental factors b. random chance c. genetic control d. cellular energy levels What controls the events that occur during cell division? a. environmental factors b. random chance c. genetic control d. cellular energy levels What happens to replicated chromosomes during cell division? a. They are distributed to daughter nuclei b. They remain in the parent cell c. They become inactive d. They are destroyed What happens to replicated chromosomes during cell division? a. They are distributed to daughter nuclei b. They remain in the parent cell c. They become inactive d. They are destroyed In which type of cells is mitotic cell division typically seen in animals? a. Neurons b. Muscle cells c. Haploid cells d. Diploid somatic cells In which type of cells is mitotic cell division typically seen in animals? a. Neurons b. Muscle cells c. Haploid cells d. Diploid somatic cells What are the four stages of nuclear division (karyokinesis)? a. G1, S, G2, and M b. Cytokinesis, G1, S, and G2 c. Interphase, M Phase, Prophase, and Telophase d. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase What are the four stages of nuclear division (karyokinesis)? a. G1, S, G2, and M b. Cytokinesis, G1, S, and G2 c. Interphase, M Phase, Prophase, and Telophase d. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase What does the M Phase represent in the cell cycle? a. The resting phase b. The phase of cell growth c. The phase when cell division occurs d. The phase o when DNA replication occurs What does the M Phase represent in the cell cycle? a. The resting phase b. The phase of cell growth c. The phase when cell division occurs d. The phase o when DNA replication occurs How long does cell division last in the average 24-hour human cell cycle? a. About 1 hour b. About 6 hours c. About 12 hours d. About 24 hours How long does cell division last in the average 24-hour human cell cycle? a. About 1 hour b. About 6 hours c. About 12 hours d. About 24 hours What is the M Phase also referred to as due to the equal number of chromosomes in parent and progeny cells? a. Binary Fission b. Cytokinesis c. Equational division d. Reduction division What is the M Phase also referred to as due to the equal number of chromosomes in parent and progeny cells? a. Binary Fission b. Cytokinesis c. Equational division d. Reduction division How many stages are there in karyokinesis during mitosis? a. 2 stages b. 3 stages c. 4 stages d. 5 stages How many stages are there in karyokinesis during mitosis? a. 2 stages b. 3 stages c. 4 stages d. 5 stages Which type of cells can divide by mitosis in both haploid and diploid states? a. Animal cells b. Plant cells c. Bacterial cells d. Fungal cells Which type of cells can divide by mitosis in both haploid and diploid states? a. Animal cells b. Plant cells c. Bacterial cells d. Fungal cells M Phase What does the Metaphase Checkpoint ensure? a. DNA is replicated b. Cell size is adequate c. Nutrients are sufficient d. Chromosomes are attached to the mitotic spindle What does the Metaphase Checkpoint ensure? a. DNA is replicated b. Cell size is adequate c. Nutrients are sufficient d. Chromosomes are attached to the mitotic spindle What does the G1 checkpoint assess? a. Spindle fiber b. Chromosome attachment c. DNA replication completion d. Cell size and nutrient availability What does the G1 checkpoint assess? a. Spindle fiber b. Chromosome attachment c. DNA replication completion d. Cell size and nutrient availability What is the primary function of the G2 checkpoint? a. to check cell size b. to regulate nutrient levels c. to ensure DNA replication is complete d. to monitor chromosome attachment What is the primary function of the G2 checkpoint? a. to check cell size b. to regulate nutrient levels c. to ensure DNA replication is complete d. to monitor chromosome attachment What is the G0 phase in cell biology? How does the cell cycle control system operate? a. dependent on nutrient levels b. driven by a built-in clock c. influenced by environmental changes d. controlled by external signals only How does the cell cycle control system operate? a. dependent on nutrient levels b. driven by a built-in clock c. influenced by environmental changes d. controlled by external signals only Which phase do neurons enter that prevents them from dividing? a. G1 phase b. G0 phase c. S phase d. M phase Which phase do neurons enter that prevents them from dividing? a. G1 phase b. G0 phase c. S phase d. M phase What happens if conditions at the G1 checkpoint are not met? What are the checkpoints in the cell cycle responsible for? a. initiating apoptosis b. regulating cell division c. promoting differentiation d. enhancing nutrient absorption What are the checkpoints in the cell cycle responsible for? a. initiating apoptosis b. regulating cell division c. promoting differentiation d. enhancing nutrient absorption What would happen if the checkpoints in the cell cycle failed to detect damaged DNA? a. The cell would stop dividing and die. b. The cell would proceed through division normally. c. The cell would repair the damage before continuing. d. The cell could divide with mutations, leading to cancerous growth. What would happen if the checkpoints in the cell cycle failed to detect damaged DNA? a. The cell would stop dividing and die. b. The cell would proceed through division normally. c. The cell would repair the damage before continuing. d. The cell could divide with mutations, leading to cancerous growth. G1 Checkpoint G2 Checkpoint M Checkpoint M Phase What are the stages of mitosis? (Spell out) What is the result of mitosis? What happens during the M phase of the cell cycle? What is crossing-over? What structure begins to form during prophase? a. Centrosome b. Nucleolus c. Cell plate d. Mitotic spindle What structure begins to form during prophase? a. Centrosome b. Nucleolus c. Cell plate d. Mitotic spindle What marks the beginning of prophase? a. Separation of sister chromatids b. Fragmentation of the nuclear envelope c. Condensation of chromosomal material d. Alignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate What marks the beginning of prophase? a. Separation of sister chromatids b. Fragmentation of the nuclear envelope c. Condensation of chromosomal material d. Alignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate What is the metaphase plate? What is the role of the kinetochore during metaphase. a. It destroys spindle fibers. b. It anchors chromosomes to the cell membrane. c. It prevents spindle fibers from attaching to chromosomes. d. It attaches chromosomes to spindle fibers, facilitating their movement. What is the role of the kinetochore during metaphase. a. It destroys spindle fibers. b. It anchors chromosomes to the cell membrane. c. It prevents spindle fibers from attaching to chromosomes. d. It attaches chromosomes to spindle fibers, facilitating their movement. What happens during anaphase? a. Sister chromatids are pulled apart b. The nuclear envelope reforms c. Chromosomes condense d. The cell plate is formed What happens during anaphase? a. Sister chromatids are pulled apart b. The nuclear envelope reforms c. Chromosomes condense d. The cell plate is formed What are the consequences of an error during anaphase? How would this affect the daughter cells? a. Errors during anaphase cause immediate cell death. b. Errors cause daughter cells to be genetically identical c. Errors during anaphase do not affect daughter cells at all. d. An error could lead to daughter cells with missing or extra chromosomes. What are the consequences of an error during anaphase? How would this affect the daughter cells? a. Errors during anaphase cause immediate cell death. b. Errors cause daughter cells to be genetically identical c. Errors during anaphase do not affect daughter cells at all. d. An error could lead to daughter cells with missing or extra chromosomes. What occurs during telophase? a. Mitotic spindle assembles b. sister chromatids align at the equator c. chromosomes complete condensation d. nuclear envelopes form around daughter nuclei What occurs during telophase? a. Mitotic spindle assembles b. sister chromatids align at the equator c. chromosomes complete condensation d. nuclear envelopes form around daughter nuclei How does cytokinesis differ in animal and plant cells? a. Both form a cell plate b. Both form a cleavage furrow c. Animal cells form a cleavage furrow, while plant cells form a cell plate d. Plant cells form a cleavage furrow, while animal cells form a cell plate How does cytokinesis differ in animal and plant cells? a. Both form a cell plate b. Both form a cleavage furrow c. Animal cells form a cleavage furrow, while plant cells form a cell plate d. Plant cells form a cleavage furrow, while animal cells form a cell plate What is the shortest stage of mitosis? a. Anaphase b. Metaphase c. prophase d. Telophase What is the shortest stage of mitosis? a. Anaphase b. Metaphase c. prophase d. Telophase What is cytokinesis?  What is cytokinesis? The division of the cytoplasm Analyze the relationship between telophase and cytokinesis. How do they work together to complete cell division? a. Cytokinesis happens before telophase. b. Telophase happens after cytokinesis. c. Telophase completes nuclear division, while cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm. d. Telophase divides the cytoplasm, while cytokinesis completes nuclear division. Analyze the relationship between telophase and cytokinesis. How do they work together to complete cell division? a. Cytokinesis happens before telophase. b. Telophase happens after cytokinesis. c. Telophase completes nuclear division, while cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm. d. Telophase divides the cytoplasm, while cytokinesis completes nuclear division. Given a slide with cells in different stages of mitosis, how would you identify each stage? Given a slide with cells in different stages of mitosis, how would you identify each stage? Use the position of chromosomes to identify each stage. Illustrate how the structure of a chromosome changes during different stages of mitosis. M Phase What is the purpose of meiosis? a. To create stem cells b. To repair damaged cells c. To generate gametes for production d. To produce identical daughter cells What is the purpose of meiosis? a. To create stem cells b. To repair damaged cells c. To generate gametes for production d. To produce identical daughter cells What is the outcome of the first meiotic division? a. One diploid cell b. Four diploid cell c. Two haploid cell d. Two diploid cell What is the outcome of the first meiotic division? a. One diploid cell b. Four diploid cell c. Two haploid cell d. Two diploid cell What is the final result of meiosis? What is the final result of meiosis? Four genetically unique haploid cells What happens during Prophase I of meiosis? a. Sister chromatids separate b. The nuclear envelope reforms c. Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate d. Homologous chromosomes pair and undergo crossing-over What happens during Prophase I of meiosis? a. Sister chromatids separate b. The nuclear envelope reforms c. Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate d. Homologous chromosomes pair and undergo crossing-over What occurs during Metaphase I? a. Chromosomes condense b. Sister chromatids separate c. Tetrads align at the metaphase plate What occurs during Metaphase I? a. Chromosomes condense b. Sister chromatids separate c. Tetrads align at the metaphase plate What is the difference between Anaphase I and Anaphase II? a. Both separate sister chromatids b. Both separate homologous chromosomes c. Anaphase I separates homologous chromosomes, while Anaphase II separates sister chromatids d. Anaphase I separates sister chromatids, while Anaphase II separates homologous chromosomes What is the difference between Anaphase I and Anaphase II? a. Both separate sister chromatids b. Both separate homologous chromosomes c. Anaphase I separates homologous chromosomes, while Anaphase II separates sister chromatids d. Anaphase I separates sister chromatids, while Anaphase II separates homologous chromosomes What happens during Telophase II? a. The cell plate forms b. Sister chromatids align at the equator c. Chromosomes condenses d. Nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes What happens during Telophase II? a. The cell plate forms b. Sister chromatids align at the equator c. Chromosomes condenses d. Nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes Examine how the absence of crossing-over during meiosis would affect genetic diversity. a. It would increase genetic diversity. b. It would decrease genetic diversity. c. It would have no effect on genetic diversity. d. It would cause chromosomes to not separate properly. Examine how the absence of crossing-over during meiosis would affect genetic diversity. a. It would increase genetic diversity. b. It would decrease genetic diversity. c. It would have no effect on genetic diversity. d. It would cause chromosomes to not separate properly. Compare and contrast the processes of mitosis and meiosis in terms of their outcomes. a. Both processes produce genetically diverse cells. b. Both processes produce genetically identical cells. c. Mitosis produces four genetically diverse cells, while meiosis produces two identical cells. d. Mitosis produces two identical cells, while meiosis produces four genetically diverse cells. Compare and contrast the processes of mitosis and meiosis in terms of their outcomes. a. Both processes produce genetically diverse cells. b. Both processes produce genetically identical cells. c. Mitosis produces four genetically diverse cells, while meiosis produces two identical cells. d. Mitosis produces two identical cells, while meiosis produces four genetically diverse cells. List as many the key differences between mitosis and meiosis as you can. Why are crossing over and genetic recombination so important?