Human Anatomy Lecture Notes PDF

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY BY PROF.DR. ABEER EL-SAID EL-MEHI PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY FACULTY OF MEDICINE MENOUFIA UNIVERSITY CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM  Cardiovascular system Heart Blood vessles Mediastinum ...

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY BY PROF.DR. ABEER EL-SAID EL-MEHI PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY FACULTY OF MEDICINE MENOUFIA UNIVERSITY CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM  Cardiovascular system Heart Blood vessles Mediastinum  Heart ✓ It is a hollow muscular organ. ✓ It is covered with double- layered serous membrane (pericardium). ✓ Present in the thoracic cavity with approximately two-thirds of it lying to the left and one-third to the right of the midline.  Heart ✓ It is conical or pyramidal in shape. ✓ It is subdivided by septa (interatrial and interventricular) into right and left halves. ✓ Each half has two chambers: ▪ an upper receiving chamber (atrium) ▪ a lower pumping chamber (ventricle).  Sulci on the external surface of the heart Coronary Anterior interventricular Posterior interventricular (Atrioventricular) ✓ Runs around the ✓ Separates the ventricles ✓ Separates the ventricles heart. on the sternocostal on the diaphragmatic ✓ Separates atria from surface. surface. ventricles.  External features of the heart Apex Base Surfaces Borders ▪ Lies opposite the left 5th intercostal space , 3.5 inches from the midline. ▪ Formed by left ventricle. ▪ Directed downwards and to the left.  External features of the heart Apex Base Surfaces Borders ▪ Directed posteriorly. ▪ formed mainly by the left atrium & a small portion of the right atrium.  External features of the heart Apex Base Surfaces Borders ▪ Sterno-costal ▪ 4 borders: (anterior): ✓ Right, ✓ formed by right ✓ Inferior. atrium &right ✓ Left. ventricle (2/3) and ✓ Superior. left ventricle (1/3). ▪ Diaphragmatic (inferior): ✓ formed by left ventricle (2/3)and part of right ventricle(1/3).  External features of the heart Apex Base Surfaces Borders ▪ Lies opposite ▪ Directed ▪ Sterno-costal ▪ 4 borders: the left 5th posteriorly. (anterior): ✓ Right, intercostal ▪ formed mainly by ✓ formed by right ✓ Inferior. space , 3.5 the left atrium & atrium &right ✓ Left. inches from the a small portion of ventricle (2/3) and ✓ Superior. midline. the right atrium. left ventricle (1/3). ▪ Formed by left ▪ Diaphragmatic ventricle. (inferior): ▪ Directed ✓ formed by left downwards ventricle (2/3)and and to the left. part of right ventricle(1/3). Internal features of the Heart  Valves of the heart Atrioventricular Semilunar Situated between the atria and Situated in the outflow of the ventricles (at the entrance of ventricles (at the exit of each each ventricle): ventricle): ▪ Tricuspid valve (Right side of ▪ Pulmonary valve: between the right the heart) ventricle and the pulmonary artery ▪ Mitral valve/bicuspid valve (left that leads to the lungs. side of the heart). ▪ Aortic valve : between the left ventricle and the aorta. All valves of the heart have a common function allowing the passage of blood in one direction not the reverse.  Blood supply of the heart Arterial supply Venous drainage By the coronary sinus which By the right and left coronary ends in the right atrium.. arteries. Both arise from the ascending aorta.