Ethernet and IP Protocol Overview PDF

Ethernet and IP Protocol Overview Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio4fc 1. Ethernet A family of networking technologies defined in the IEEE 802.2 and 802.3 standards that supports wired commu- nications. 2....

Ethernet and IP Protocol Overview Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio4fc 1. Ethernet A family of networking technologies defined in the IEEE 802.2 and 802.3 standards that supports wired commu- nications. 2. IPv4 A protocol that supports network communications by en- abling devices to exchange data across networks. 3. IP Addressing Concepts that explain how IP addresses enable network Basics communication. 4. Types of IPv4 Ad- Different categories of IPv4 addresses that facilitate net- dresses work communication. 5. The Default Gate- A network node that serves as an access point to another way network, enabling network communication. 6. IPv6 A protocol that supports network communications, de- signed to replace IPv4. 7. Ethernet Encap- The process by which data is wrapped in Ethernet frames sulation for transmission over a network. 8. Ethernet Frame The minimum Ethernet frame size is 64 bytes and the Size maximum is 1518 bytes. 9. Collision Frag- Any Ethernet frame less than 64 bytes in length, which is ment automatically discarded by receiving stations. 10. Jumbo Frames Ethernet frames that exceed 1500 bytes of data. 11. Preamble and Used for synchronization between the sending and re- Start Frame De- ceiving devices in an Ethernet frame. limiter 12. Destination MAC The identifier for the intended recipient of the Ethernet Address frame. 1 / 12  Ethernet and IP Protocol Overview Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio4fc 13. Source MAC Ad- Identifies the originating Network Interface Card (NIC) or dress interface of the Ethernet frame. 14. Type / Length Field that identifies the upper layer protocol encapsulated in the Ethernet frame. 15. Data Field Contains the encapsulated data from a higher layer, specifically an IPv4 packet. 16. Frame Check Se- Used to detect errors in a frame using Cyclic Redundancy quence Check (CRC). 17. MAC Address An Ethernet MAC address is a 48-bit binary value ex- Format pressed as 12 hexadecimal digits. 18. Hexadecimal Digits that use numbers 0 to 9 and letters A to F, common- Digits ly used to represent binary data. 19. Network Layer The layer that provides services to allow end devices to exchange data across networks. 20. IPv4 One of the principal network layer communication proto- cols. 21. IPv6 Another principal network layer communication protocol. 22. Open Shortest A network layer protocol used for routing. Path First (OSPF) 23. Internet Control A network layer protocol used for error messages and Message Proto- operational information. col (ICMP) 24. Addressing end Configured with a unique IP address for identification. devices 25. Encapsulation 2 / 12  Ethernet and IP Protocol Overview Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio4fc The process of encapsulating the Protocol Data Unit (PDU) from the transport layer into a packet. 26. Routing The process of selecting the best path and directing pack- ets towards the destination host. 27. De-encapsula- Performed by the destination host to extract the original tion data from the packet. 28. Packet structure Specified by network layer communication protocols to carry data from one host to another. 29. Connectionless No connection with the destination is established before sending data packets. 30. Best Effort An inherent characteristic of IP indicating that packet delivery is not guaranteed. 31. Media Indepen- Operation is independent of the medium carrying the dent data, such as copper, fiber-optic, or wireless. 32. IP Header Used to deliver the packet to the destination host and examined by Layer 3 devices. 33. Network Ad- A process that can change IP addressing information as dress Translation packets are routed. (NAT) 34. Transport layer Data that is encapsulated by IP by adding an IP header. segment 35. Low overhead A design characteristic of IP that allows efficient packet delivery. 36. Unreliable net- A description of the IP protocol, indicating that it does not work layer proto- guarantee packet delivery. col 37. Control informa- Information exchanged to establish a connection, which tion is not required by IP. 3 / 12  Ethernet and IP Protocol Overview Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio4fc 38. Analogy of Con- Conceptually similar to sending a letter without notifying nectionless the recipient in advance. 39. IP packets Can be communicated as electronic signals over copper cable, optical signals over fiber, or wirelessly as radio signals. 40. OSI data link lay- Responsible for taking an IP packet and preparing it for er transmission over the communications medium. 41. Maximum Trans- The maximum size of the PDU that each medium can mission Unit transport. (MTU) 42. IPv4 One of the primary network layer communication proto- cols. 43. IPv4 packet Used to ensure that this packet is delivered to its next stop header on the way to its destination end device. 44. IPv4 packet Include Version, Differentiated Services or DiffServ (DS), header fields Header Checksum, Time to Live (TTL), Protocol, Source IPv4 Address, and Destination IPv4 Address. 45. IPv4 address A 32-bit hierarchical address made up of a network por- tion and a host portion. 46. Network portion The bits within this portion of the address must be identi- cal for all devices that are in the same network. 47. Host portion The bits within this portion of the address must be unique to identify a specific host within a network. 4 / 12  Ethernet and IP Protocol Overview Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio4fc 48. Subnet mask Used to identify the network/host portion of an IPv4 ad- dress. 49. Subnet mask A consecutive sequence of 1 bits followed by a consecu- structure tive sequence of 0 bits. 50. ANDing The process used to identify the network portion and host portion of an IPv4 address. 51. Prefix length The number of bits set to 1 in the subnet mask. 52. Slash notation The notation used to represent the prefix length, noted by a forward slash (/) followed by the number of bits set to 1. 53. Network address Also referred to as a prefix or network prefix. 54. Default gateway Required to reach remote networks. IPv4 address 55. DNS server IPv4 Required to translate domain names to IPv4 addresses. addresses 56. IPv4 address as- Requires a unique IPv4 address of the host and a subnet signment mask. 57. Layer 3 process Examines the binary numbers contained in the fields of an IPv4 packet header. 58. Time to Live One of the significant fields in the IPv4 header. (TTL) 59. Source IPv4 Ad- One of the significant fields in the IPv4 header. dress 60. Destination IPv4 One of the significant fields in the IPv4 header. Address 5 / 12  Ethernet and IP Protocol Overview Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio4fc 61. Header Check- One of the significant fields in the IPv4 header. sum 62. Prefix Length The number of 1 bits in the subnet mask. 63. IPv4 Address An IPv4 address written followed by the prefix length with Representation no spaces, e.g., 192.168.10.10/24. 64. Subnet Mask A 32-bit address used with a host address to determine the network. 65. Logical AND A Boolean operation used to determine the network ad- dress by comparing two bits. 66. Boolean Opera- Operations that include AND, OR, and NOT, used in dig- tions ital logic. 67. AND Operation 1 AND 1 = 1, 0 AND 1 = 0, 1 AND 0 = 0, 0 AND 0 = 0. Results 68. Identifying Net- The IPv4 address is logically ANDed, bit by bit, with the work Address subnet mask. 69. Subnetting The process of dividing a large broadcast domain into smaller broadcast domains. 70. Broadcast Do- A network segment where all devices can receive broad- main cast traffic. 71. Subnet Smaller network spaces created through subnetting. 72. Network Perfor- Subnetting reduces overall network traffic and improves mance Improve- performance. ment 73. Factors for Location, By Department, Device Type. Grouping De- vices into Sub- nets 6 / 12  Ethernet and IP Protocol Overview Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio4fc 74. Example of IPv4 192.168.10.10. Host Address 75. Example of Sub- 255.255.255.0. net Mask 76. Example of Net- 192.168.10.0. work Address 77. Subnet Mask for 255.0.0.0. /8 78. Subnet Mask for 255.255.0.0. /16 79. Subnet Mask for 255.255.255.0. /24 80. Subnet Mask for 255.255.255.128. /25 81. Subnet Mask for 255.255.255.192. /26 82. Subnet Mask for 255.255.255.224. /27 83. Subnet Mask for 255.255.255.240. /28 84. Subnet Mask for 255.255.255.248. /29 85. Subnet Mask for 255.255.255.252. /30 86. Class A Designed to support extremely large networks with more than 16 million host addresses. 87. Class B 7 / 12  Ethernet and IP Protocol Overview Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio4fc Designed to support moderate to large size networks with up to approximately 65,000 host addresses. 88. Class C Designed to support small networks with a maximum of 254 hosts. 89. Class D A multicast block consisting of 224.0.0.0 to 239.0.0.0. 90. Class E An experimental address block consisting of 240.0.0.0 to 255.0.0.0. 91. Private Address- Blocks of addresses used by most organizations to assign es IPv4 addresses to internal hosts. 92. Private IPv4 ad- Addresses that are not unique and can be used by any dresses internal network. 93. Private address 10.0.0.0 /8 or 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255. block 10.0.0.0 94. Private address 172.16.0.0 /12 or 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255. block 172.16.0.0 95. Private address 192.168.0.0 /16 or 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255. block 192.168.0.0 96. Network Ad- Used to translate between private IPv4 and public IPv4 dress Translation addresses. (NAT) 97. Default Gateway The network device that can route traffic to other net- works. 98. Host Forwarding The process by which a host directs packets between Decision itself, a local host, and a remote host. 99. IPv4 Determina- The source device uses its own subnet mask along with tion Method its own IPv4 address and the destination IPv4 address. 100. 8 / 12  Ethernet and IP Protocol Overview Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio4fc IPv6 Determina- The local router advertises the local network address to tion Method all devices on the network. 101. Classful Ad- 50% of the available IPv4 addresses to 128 Class A net- dressing Alloca- works, 25% to Class B, and Class C shared the remaining tion 25% with Class D and E. 102. Private Address- Addresses within private address blocks are not allowed es Routing on the internet and must be filtered by internet routers. 103. Default Gateway A device that can accept data into the local network and forward data out of the local network. 104. Traffic Routing The process of directing data packets to other networks. 105. Default Gateway A default gateway is required to send traffic outside the Requirement local network. 106. Traffic Forward- Traffic cannot be forwarded outside the local network if ing Conditions there is no default gateway, the default gateway address is not configured, or the default gateway is down. 107. IPv4 Default In IPv4, the host receives the IPv4 address of the default Gateway Config- gateway either dynamically from DHCP or configured uration manually. 108. IPv6 Default In IPv6, the router advertises the default gateway address Gateway Config- or the host can be configured manually. uration 109. Default Route A default route is the route or pathway your computer will take when it tries to contact a remote network. 110. Host Routing On a Windows host, the route print or netstat -r command Table Display can be used to display the host routing table. 111. Netstat Com- Entering the netstat -r command displays three sections mand Output related to the current TCP/IP network connections: Inter- face List, IPv4 Route Table, and IPv6 Route Table. 9 / 12  Ethernet and IP Protocol Overview Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio4fc 112. IPv6 Purpose IPv6 is designed to be the successor to IPv4. 113. IPv6 Address IPv6 has a larger 128-bit address space, providing 340 Space undecillion possible addresses. 114. Transition to Mobile providers have been leading the way with the IPv6 transition to IPv6. 115. ISPs Transition- Most top ISPs and content providers such as YouTube, ing to IPv6 Facebook, and Netflix have also made the transition. 116. Companies Mov- Many companies like Microsoft, Facebook, and LinkedIn ing to IPv6 are transitioning to IPv6-only internally. 117. IPv4 Address The depletion of IPv4 address space has been the moti- Space Depletion vating factor for moving to IPv6. 118. Internet of The evolving internet is becoming an Internet of Things Things (IoT) (IoT), where various devices will access the internet. 119. Devices in IoT Computers, tablets, smartphones, sensor-equipped de- vices, automobiles, biomedical devices, household appli- ances, and natural ecosystems will be part of the IoT. 120. Need for IPv6 With an increasing internet population and limited IPv4 Transition address space, the time has come to begin the transition to IPv6. 121. IPv6 Address IPv6 addresses are 128 bits in length and written as a Format string of hexadecimal values. 122. Hexadecimal Every four bits of an IPv6 address is represented by a Representation single hexadecimal digit for a total of 32 hexadecimal values. 123. Case Sensitivity IPv6 addresses are not case-sensitive and can be written of IPv6 in either lowercase or uppercase. 124. 16-bit Segments IPv6 addresses are divided into 16-bit segments or hex- or Hextets tets. 10 / 12  Ethernet and IP Protocol Overview Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio4fc 125. IPv6 Address The preferred format for writing an IPv6 address is Format x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x, with each "x" consisting of four hexadec- imal values. 126. Hextet Each "x" is a single hextet which is 16 bits or four hexa- decimal digits. 127. Omit Leading Ze- Rule 1: Omit any leading 0s (zeros) in any hextet. ros 128. Example of Omit- 01ab can be represented as 1ab. ted Leading Ze- ros 129. Example of Omit- 09f0 can be represented as 9f0. ted Leading Ze- ros 130. Example of Omit- 0a00 can be represented as a00. ted Leading Ze- ros 131. Example of Omit- 00ab can be represented as ab. ted Leading Ze- ros 132. Double Colon Rule 2: Double colon (::) can replace any single, contigu- ous string of one or more 16-bit hextets consisting of all zeros. 133. Example of Dou- 2001:db8:cafe:1:0:0:0:1 could be represented as ble Colon 2001:db8:cafe:1::1. 134. Compressed When used with the omitting leading 0s technique, the Format notation of IPv6 address can often be greatly reduced. 135. IPv6 Prefix The prefix can be identified by a dotted-decimal subnet Length mask or prefix length (slash notation). 136. 11 / 12  Ethernet and IP Protocol Overview Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gio4fc IPv4 to Prefix An IPv4 address of 192.168.1.10 with dotted-dec- Length Example imal subnet mask 255.255.255.0 is equivalent to 192.168.1.10/24. 137. Prefix Length in In IPv6 it is called the prefix length and can range from 0 IPv6 to 128. 138. Recommended It is strongly recommended to use a 64-bit Interface ID for Interface ID most networks. 139. Ethernet and Ethernet and wireless LANs (WLANs) are the two most WLANs popular LAN technologies. 140. MAC Address The MAC address can be represented using dashes, Representation colons, or periods between the groups of digits. 141. IPv4 Address An IPv4 address is a 32-bit hierarchical address that identifies a network and a host on the network. 142. IPv6 Address An IPv6 address is a 128-bit hierarchical address. 143. Prefix Length De- The prefix length is the number of bits that are set to 1 in finition the subnet mask. 144. Slash Notation It is written in "slash notation", which is noted by a forward slash (/) followed by the number of bits that are set to 1. 145. ANDing Process The process that is used to identify the network portion and host portion is called ANDing. 146. IP Address Class A, Class B, and Class C are the different ranges of Classes IP addresses. 147. Default Gateway The router that is connected to the local network segment is referred to as the default gateway. 148. Routing Table On a Windows host, the route print or netstat -r command Command can be used to display the host routing table. 12 / 12