Theories of Personality PDF

Theories of Personality Ria Emerose J. Galo Expectations Board exam topics, related to DEVP. (You cannot take this for granted.) You should not be contented with just 50% performance but aim for higher than 50%. Change your old study habits which are not effective. Start convincing...

Theories of Personality Ria Emerose J. Galo Expectations Board exam topics, related to DEVP. (You cannot take this for granted.) You should not be contented with just 50% performance but aim for higher than 50%. Change your old study habits which are not effective. Start convincing yourself, I can study harder than before. You should be the best version of yourself. Course Requirements Short quizzes every meeting Major Exams-100 questions Report (Individual)-100 points Removal Exam-100 questions Reference: Feist & Feist, Schultz There is no special project. You are not in SHS or elem. Classroom rules Be on time, 15 minutes late is the only acceptable late. Warning will be given for those with numerous absences. Cellphone can be used to take pictures of power point but please not for mobile games. I DO expect that you read the book and not relying only to the reporter. Powerpoint are just guides, it does not contain the whole book. Do not hesitate to ask questions. This is a learning situation. You learn from me, I also learn from you. The grade you get is what you deserve. Based on the different performance tasks. Rules on Reporting Do not “tagalize” what is written in the powerpoint after reading it in English. That is a waste of time. You can use guide, especially if you have difficulty memorizing sentences. But please do not read from your cellphones. Examples are welcome. 1 hour for reporting one theorist. Do not eat the time of the next reporter/group. Otherwise, I will ask you to cut your report. So, practice on how you can deliver your report. Report shall be divided equally. We will skip the personal life of the theorist to focus on the theory. Learning Outcomes By the end of the semester students are expected to have…. Known the lives of the theorists as well as appreciate the challenges they have encountered. Understand the dynamics of personality and how the different theorist presented them. Memorized the terminologies present in every theories and able to define them as accurately as possible. Compare and contrast the different theories and be able to discuss them thoroughly. 5 Sources of Influence on Personality Theories 1. Clinical Observation-done by Charcot, Pierre Janet, Freud, Jung and Mc Dougall. 2. Gestalt tradition and William Stern- they were impressed with the unity of behavior. 3. Experimental psychology and learning theory-there is an increased concern with carefully controlled empirical research. 4. Psychometric tradition-focus on the measurement and study of individual differences. 5. Genetics and physiology. What is Personality? 1. Some equates the term to social skills or adroitness. 2. Consist of the most outstanding or salient impression one creates in others. 3. The good and the bad. Personality originated from the Latin persona, which referred to a theatrical mask worn by Roman actors in Greek dramas. When psychologists use the term “personality,” they are referring to something more than the role people play. Personality is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior. Traits contribute to individual differences in behavior, consistency of behavior over time, and stability of behavior across situations. Traits may be unique, common to some group, or shared by the entire species, but their pattern is different for each individual. Characteristics are unique qualities of an individual that include such attributes as temperament, physique, and intelligence. What is a Theory? 1. Exists as an opposition to fact. It is a hypothesis or a speculation and not yet definitely known. 2. They are never true or false, although their implications or derivations may be either. 3. Set of conventions created by theorists. Two parts of a theory 1. Cluster of systematically related to each other. The assumptions must be relevant in that they bear upon the empirical events with which the theory is concerned. (e. g. if the theory is about audition, the assumptions must have something to do with hearing) 2. Permits the more or less precise interaction of certain terms or concepts within the theory. These definitions are frequently called as operational definitions because they attempt to specify operations by means of which the relevant variables or concepts can be measured. (e.g. intelligence) What makes theory useful? 1. First, a theory generates a number of hypotheses that can be investigated through research, thus yielding research data. 2. A useful theory organizes research data into a meaningful structure and provides an explanation for the results of scientific research. 3. A useful theory must lend itself to confirmation or disconfirmation, provide the practitioner with a guide to action, be consistent with itself, and be as simple as possible. 6 criteria for a useful theory 1. generates research 2. is falsifiable 3. organizes data 4. guides action 5. is internally consistent 6. is parsimonious-when two theories are equal in their ability to generate research, be falsified, give meaning to data, guide the practitioner, and be self-consistent, the simpler one is preferred.  Why different theories? 1. Alternate theories exist because the very nature of a theory allows the theorist to make speculations from a particular point of view. 2. All theories are a reflection of their authors’ personal backgrounds, childhood experiences, philosophy of life, interpersonal relationships, and unique manner of looking at the world. Because observations are colored by the individual observer’s frame of reference, it follows that there may be many diverse theories. Dimensions for Nature of Humanity 1. Determinism versus free choice. Are people’s behaviors determined by forces over which they have no control, or can people choose to be what they wish to be? 2. Pessimism versus optimism. Are people doomed to live miserable, conflicted, and troubled lives, or can they change and grow into psychologically healthy, happy, fully functioning human beings? 3. Causality versus teleology. Causality holds that behavior is a function of past experiences. Teleology is an explanation of behavior in terms of future goals or purposes. Do people act as they do because of what has happened to them in the past, or do they act as they do because they have certain expectations of what will happen in the future? 4. Conscious versus unconscious determinants of behavior. Are people ordinarily aware of what they are doing and why they are doing it, or do unconscious forces impinge on them and drive them to act without awareness of these underlying forces? 5. Biological versus social influences on personality. Are people mostly creatures of biology, or are their personalities shaped largely by their 6. Uniqueness versus similarities. Is the salient feature of people their individuality, or is it their common characteristics? Should the study of personality concentrate on those traits that make people alike, or should it look at those traits that make people different? PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY by Sigmund Freud May 6, 1856, in Freiberg, Moravia, which is now part of the Czech Republic.  Biography of Dr. Sigmund Freud Jacob and Amalie Nathanson Freud University of Vienna Medical School Worked for 3 years in the General Hospital of Vienna, becoming familiar with the practice of various branches of medicine, including psychiatry and nervous diseases.  In 1885, he received a traveling grant from the University of Vienna and decided to study in Paris with the famous French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot. He spent 4 months with Charcot, from whom he learned the hypnotic technique for treating hysteria.  Formed friendship with Josef Breuer, a well-known Viennese physician. Breuer taught Freud about catharsis, the process of removing hysterical symptoms through “talking them out.” While using catharsis, Freud gradually and laboriously discovered the technique.  His greatest work, followed by In 1902 he formed the Wednesday Psychological Society with Alfred Adler, Wilhelm Stekel, Max Kahane, and Rudolf Reitler  In 1910, Freud and his followers founded the International Psychoanalytic Association with Carl Jung of Zürich as president. Died on September 23, 1939 due to cancer of the jaw. Levels of Mental Life 1. Unconscious Unconscious proper-drives, urges, or instincts that are beyond our awareness but that nevertheless motivate most of our words, feelings, and actions. The unconscious is the explanation for the meaning behind dreams, slips of the tongue, and certain kinds of forgetting, called  Preconscious-contains all those elements that are not conscious but can become conscious either quite readily or with some difficulty. 3.Consciousness-mental elements in awareness at any given point in time. It is the only level of mental life directly available to us. We perceive through our sense organs, if not too threatening, enters into consciousness. Provinces of the Mind ID EGO SUPEREGO pleasure principle reality principle moralistic and idealistic principles unrealistic and the two subsystems, the illogical decision-making or conscience and the executive branch of ego-ideal personality primitive, chaotic, constantly tries to superego acts to inaccessible to reconcile the blind, control sexual and consciousness, irrational claims of aggressive impulses unchangeable, the id and the through the process of amoral, illogical, superego with the unorganized, and realistic demands filled with energy of the external world Dynamics of Personality Drives-term as but more accurately the word should be “drive” or “impulse.” Operate as a constant motivational force. 1. Eros-sex. The aim of the sexual drive is pleasure, but this pleasure is not limited to genital satisfaction. Freud believed that the entire body is invested with libido, erogenous zones. Sex can take many forms, including narcissism, love, sadism, and masochism. a. Narcissism b. Love 2. Thanatos-death, usually manifested through aggression. Aggression is a destructive drive, the aim is to return the organism to an inorganic state. Examples: teasing, gossip, sarcasm, humiliation, humor, and the enjoyment of other people’s suffering. the explanation for wars, atrocities, and religious persecution. Anxiety-a felt, affective, unpleasant state accompanied by a physical sensation that warns the person against impending danger. The unpleasantness is often vague and hard to pinpoint, but the anxiety itself is always felt. 3 types of Anxiety 1.Neurotic anxiety is defined as apprehension about an unknown danger. The feeling itself exists in the ego, but it originates from id impulses. 2. Moral anxiety- stems from the conflict between the ego and the superego. This is an outgrowth of the conflict between realistic needs and the dictates of the superego. 3. Realistic anxiety- is closely related to fear. It is defined as an unpleasant, nonspecific feeling involving a possible danger. Defense Mechanisms-normal and universally used, when carried to an extreme they lead to compulsive, repetitive, and neurotic behavior. It is the ego that deploys the defense mechanism to avoid dealing directly with sexual and aggressive impulses and to defend itself against the anxiety that accompanies them. Types of Defense Mechanism 1. Repression-whenever the ego is threatened by undesirable id impulses, it protects itself by repressing those impulses; that is, it forces threatening feelings into the unconscious. Repressed drives may also find an outlet in dreams, slips of the tongue, or one of the other defense mechanisms. 2. Reaction formation-One of the ways in which a repressed impulse may become conscious is through adopting a disguise that is directly opposite its original form. 3. Displacement-redirecting unacceptable urges onto a variety of people or objects so that the original impulse is disguised or concealed. 4. Fixation-is the permanent attachment of the libido onto an earlier, more primitive stage of development. 5. Projection-when an internal impulse provokes too much anxiety, the ego may reduce that anxiety by attributing the unwanted impulse to an external object, usually another person. 6. Regression-during times of stress and anxiety, the person reverts back to that earlier developmental stage. 7. introjection-incorporating positive qualities of another person into one’s own ego. People introject characteristics that they see as valuable and that will permit them to feel better about themselves. 8. Sublimation- is the repression of the genital aim of Eros by substituting for a social aim. Psychosexual Stage of Development Infantile Period 1. Oral phase/stage. Infants obtain life-sustaining nourishment through the oral cavity, but beyond that, they also gain pleasure through the act of sucking. 2. Anal phase/stage. Characterized by satisfaction gained through aggressive behavior and through the excretory function. 3. Phallic phase/stage- a time when the genital area becomes the leading erogenous zone. This stage is marked for the first time by a dichotomy between male and female development. infant boy forms an with his father; that is, he wants to be his father and to possess the mother. girls assume that all other children have genitals similar to their own. Soon they discover that boys not only possess different genital equipment, but apparently something extra. Girls then become envious of this appendage, feel cheated, and desire to have a penis (penis envy) Latency Period 4. Latency stage-brought about partly by parents’ attempts to punish or discourage sexual activity in their young children. Children repress their sexual drive and direct their psychic energy toward school, friendships, hobbies, and other nonsexual activities. 5. Genital stage-adolescents give up autoeroticism and direct their sexual energy toward another person instead of toward themselves, reproduction is now possible. Penis envy may continue to linger in girls, the vagina finally obtains the same status for them that the penis had for them during infancy. Free Association Patients are required to verbalize every thought that comes to their mind, no matter how irrelevant or repugnant it may appear. The purpose of free association is to arrive at the unconscious by starting with a present conscious idea and following it through a train of associations to wherever it leads.  Transference The strong sexual or aggressive feelings, positive or negative, that patients develop toward their analyst during the course of treatment. Transference feelings are what patients feel toward the analyst the same way they previously felt toward one or both parents. therapeutic progress. Positive transference permits patients to more or less relive childhood experiences within the nonthreatening climate of the analytic treatment. Negative transference in the form of hostility must be recognized by the therapist and explained to patients so that they can overcome Dream Analysis Basic assumption of dream analysis is that nearly all dreams are. Used to transform the manifest content of dreams to the more important latent content. Manifest content of a dream is the surface meaning or the conscious description given by the dreamer, Latent content refers to its unconscious material. Freudian Slips Freud believed that many everyday slips of the tongue or pen, misreading, incorrect hearing, misplacing objects, and temporarily forgetting names or intentions are not chance accidents but reveal a person’s unconscious intentions. Also termed as parapraxes. Individual Psychology by Alfred Adler Biography of Alfred Adler Born on February 7, 1870, in Rudolfsheim, a village near Vienna. Parents are Pauline and Leopold. Adler was weak and sickly and at age 5, he nearly died of pneumonia in contrast to the health of his older brother Sigmund. Sigmund Adler, the childhood rival whom Adler attempted to surpass, remained a worthy opponent, and in later years he became very successful in business and even helped Alfred financially. At age 5, he decided that his goal in life would be to conquer death., Adler decided at that early age to become a physician.  He received his medical degree near the end of 1895. He began private practice as an eye specialist, but gave up that specialization and turned to psychiatry and general medicine. October of 1911 Adler resigned his presidency and membership in the Psychoanalytic Society. He taught individual psychology at Columbia University and the New School for Social Research.  Adler married a fiercely independent Russian woman, Raissa Epstein, in December of 1897. They had four children: Alexandra and Kurt, who became psychiatrists and continued their father’s work; Valentine (Vali), who died as a political prisoner of the Soviet Union in about 1942; and Cornelia (Nelly), who aspired to be an actress. May 28, 1937, he died of a heart attack. Individual Psychology The one dynamic force behind people’s behavior is the People’s shape their behavior and personality. Personality is The value of all human activity must be seen from the viewpoint of The self-consistent personality structure develops into a person’s Style of life is molded by people’s Striving for Success or Superiority The one dynamic force behind people’s behavior is the striving for success or superiority. Individual psychology holds that everyone begins life with physical deficiencies that activate feelings of inferiority—feelings that motivate a person to strive for either superiority or success. Psychologically healthy people seek success for all humanity. Psychologically unhealthy individuals strive Subjective Perceptions People’s subjective perceptions shape their behavior and personality. Fictions, or expectations of the future-people create fictions as their way of striving for superiority. Our most important fiction is the goal of superiority or success. We imagine ourselves as successful or superior over others in the years to come. People begin life small, weak, and inferior, they develop a fiction or belief system about how to overcome these physical deficiencies and become big, strong, and superior. But even after they attain size, strength, and superiority, they may act Unity and Self-Consistency of Personality Thoughts, feelings, and actions are all directed toward a single goal and serve a single purpose. Behaviors may appear inconsistent, but it may be unconscious attempts to confuse and subordinate other people. Organ Dialect-the body’s organs “speak a language which is usually more expressive and discloses the individual’s opinion more clearly than words are able to do” Conscious thoughts are those that are understood and regarded by the individual as helpful in striving for success, whereas unconscious thoughts are those that are not helpful. Social Interest The value of all human activity must be seen from the viewpoint of social interest. Social interest is the translation of original German term, It is the natural condition of the human species and the adhesive that binds society together. It originates from the mother-child relationship during the early months of infancy. Every person who has survived infancy was kept alive by a mothering person who possessed some amount of social Style of Life It includes a person’s goal, self-concept, feelings for others, and attitude toward the world. It is the product of the interaction of heredity, environment, and a person’s creative power. Psychologically healthy people behave in diverse and flexible ways with styles of life that are complex, enriched, and changing. Psychologically unhealthy individuals often lead rather inflexible lives that are marked by an inability to choose new ways of reacting to their environment.  People with a healthy, socially useful style of life express their social interest through They actively struggle to solve what Adler regarded as the three major problems of life—neighbourly love, sexual love, and occupation—and they do so through cooperation, personal courage, and a willingness to make a contribution to the welfare of another. Creative Power Each person is empowered with the freedom to create her or his own style of life. Their creative power places them in control of their own lives, is responsible for their final goal, determines their method of striving for that goal, and contributes to the development of social interest.  External factors for Maladjustment 1. Exaggerated physical deficiencies-congenital or the result of injury or disease, are not sufficient to lead to maladjustment. They must be accompanied by accentuated feelings of inferiority. 2. Pampered style of life -lies at the heart of most neuroses. They have weak social interest but a strong desire to perpetuate the pampered, parasitic relationship they originally had with one or both of their parents. 3. Neglected Style of life-abused and mistreated children develop little social interest. They see society as enemy, feel alienated and has a strong sense of envy toward the success of Safeguarding tendencies These protective devices that people use to hide their inflated self-image and to maintain their current style of life paralleled to defense mechanism of Freud. expressed in the “Yes, but” or “If only”. These excuses protect a weak—but artificially inflated—sense of self- worth and deceive people into believing that they are more superior than they really are. people use aggression to safeguard their exaggerated superiority complex, that is, to protect their fragile self-esteem.  Types of Aggression 1. Depreciation is the tendency to undervalue other people’s achievements and to overvalue one’s own. 2. Accusation is a form of an aggressive safeguarding device, is the tendency to blame others for one’s failures and to seek revenge, thereby safeguarding one’s own tenuous self-esteem. 3. Self-accusation is marked by self torture and guilt. Some people use self-torture, including masochism, depression, and suicide, as means of hurting people who are close to them. 3. some people unconsciously escape life’ s problems by setting up a distance between themselves and those problems. Four types of withdrawal 1. Moving backward is the tendency to safeguard one’ s fictional goal of superiority by psychologically reverting to a more secure period of life. Similar to Freud’s concept of regression. 2. Standing still-is similar to moving backward but, in general, it is not as severe. People who stand still simply do not move in any direction; thus, they avoid all responsibility by ensuring themselves against any threat of failure. 3. Hesitating-their procrastinations eventually give them the excuse “It’s too late now.” 4. Constructing obstacles-If they fail to hurdle the barrier/obstacle to success, they can always resort to an excuse. Concept of Humanity People are basically self-determined and that they shape their personalities from the meaning they give to their experiences. The building material of personality is provided by heredity and environment. Our interpretation of our experiences are more important that our experience itself. We are forward moving, motivated by our goals rather than innate instincts. Analytical Psychology by Carl G. Jung Biography of Carl Jung Born on July 26, 1875, in Kesswil, a town on Lake Constance in Switzerland His father, Johann Paul Jung, was a minister in the Swiss Reformed Church, and his mother, Emilie Preiswerk Jung, was the daughter of a theologian. Completing his medical degree from Basel University in 1900, Jung became a psychiatric assistant to Eugene Bleuler at Burghöltzli Mental Hospital in Zürich. 1902–1903, Jung studied for 6 months in Paris with Pierre Janet, successor to Charcot.  1909, G. Stanley Hall, the president of Clark University and one of the first psychologists in the United States, invited Jung and Freud to deliver a series of lectures at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts. Together with Sándor Ferenczi, another psychoanalyst. 1944, he became professor of medical psychology at the University of Basel, but poor health forced him to resign his position the following year. He died of cardiovascular disease. June 6, 1961, in Zürich, a few weeks short of his 86th birthday.  Levels of the Psyche Conscious images that are sensed by the ego ego is the center of consciousness Personal Unconscious embraces all repressed, forgotten, or subliminally perceived experiences of one particular individual contains repressed infantile memories and impulses, forgotten events, and experiences originally perceived below the threshold of our consciousness Jung’s concept of the personal unconscious differs little from Freud’s view of the  also called complexes-is an emotionally toned conglomeration of associated ideas, largely personal, but they may also be partly derived from humanity’s collective experience Collective Unconscious has roots in the ancestral past of the entire species distant ancestors’ experiences with universal concepts such as God, mother, water, earth, and so forth have been transmitted through the generations so that people in every clime and time have been influenced by their primitive ancestors’ primordial experiences. the contents of the collective unconscious do not lie dormant but are active and influence a person’s thoughts, emotions, and actions responsible for people’s many myths, legends, and religious beliefs Archetypes ancient or archaic images that derive from the collective unconscious. They are similar to complexes in that they are emotionally toned collections of associated images. are generalized and derive from the contents of the collective unconscious. Types of Archetypes mask worn by actors in the early theater. If we identify too closely with our persona, we remain unconscious of our individuality and are blocked from attaining 2. the archetype of darkness and repression, represents those qualities we do not wish to acknowledge but attempt to hide from ourselves and others. 3. humans are psychologically bisexual and possess both a masculine and a feminine side. Few men become well acquainted with their anima. 4. preexisting concept of mother is always associated with both positive and negative feelings. 5. symbolizes humans’ preexisting knowledge of the mysteries of life. 6. represented in mythology and legends as a powerful person. 7. the because it pulls together the other archetypes and unites them in the process of self-realization. An inherited tendency to move toward growth, perfection, and completion. Mandala-ultimate symbol of the self, symbolized by a person’s ideas of perfection, completion, and wholeness Dynamics of Personality Causality and Teleology Causality holds that present events have their origin in previous experiences. Teleology holds that present events are motivated by goals and aspirations for the future that direct a person’s destiny. Progression and Regression Progression-adaptation to the outside world that involves the forward flow of psychic energy, inclines a person to react consistently to a given set of environmental conditions, Regression-adaptation to the inner world relies on a backward flow of psychic energy, backward step in the successful attainment of a goal. Psychological Types 1. Attitudes-predisposition to act or react in a characteristic direction the turning inward of psychic energy with an orientation toward the subjective. Introverts are tuned in to their inner world with all its biases, fantasies, dreams, and individualized perceptions. the attitude distinguished by the turning outward of psychic energy so that a person is oriented toward the objective and away from the subjective. Extraverts are more influenced by their surroundings than by their inner world. They tend to focus on the objective attitude while suppressing the subjective. 2. Functions-also known as orientation or types and can be combined with attitudes. Thinking-logical intellectual activity that produces a chain of ideas. Extraverted thinking people rely heavily on concrete thoughts, but they may also use abstract ideas. Introverted thinking people react to external stimuli, but their interpretation of an event is colored more by the internal meaning they bring with them. Feeling-used to describe the process of evaluating an idea or event. Also termed as valuing. Extraverted feeling people use objective data widely accepted standards of judgment to make evaluations. Introverted feeling people base their value judgments primarily on subjective perceptions rather than objective facts. They ignore traditional opinions and 3. he function that receives physical stimuli and transmits them to perceptual consciousness is called sensation. same way that these stimuli exist in reality. of sight, sound, taste, touch, and so forth. 4. involves perception beyond the workings of consciousness. are basically subjective and have little or no resemblance to external reality. Functions Attitudes Introverted Extraverted Thinking Philosophers, Research scientists, theoretical accountants, scientists, some mathematicians inventors Feeling Subjective movie Real estate appraisers, critics, art objective appraisers movie critics Sensation Artists, classical Wine tasters, proofreaders, musicians popular musicians, house Painters Intuition Prophets, mystics, Some inventors, religious religious reformers fanatics Development of Personality Stages of Development anarchic phase is characterized by chaotic and sporadic consciousness, Incapable of being accurately verbalized. monarchic phase of childhood is characterized by the development of the ego and by the beginning of logical and verbal thinking. dualistic phase of childhood when the ego is divided into the objective and subjective. 2. the period from puberty until middle life is called youth. Young people strive to gain psychic and physical independence from their parents, find a mate, raise a family, and make a place in the world. According to Jung, youth is, or should be, a period of increased activity, maturing sexuality, growing consciousness, and recognition that the problem-free era of childhood is gone forever. 3. Jung believed that middle life begins at approximately age 35 or 40, middle-aged people has increasing anxieties, middle life is also a period of tremendous potential. 4. As the evening of life approaches, people experience a diminution of consciousness. If people fear life during the early years, then they will almost certainly fear death during the later ones. Fear of death is often taken as normal, but Jung believed that death is the goal of life and that life can be fulfilling only when death is seen in this light. Word Association Test Jung was not the first to use the word association test, but he can be credited with helping develop and refine it. His original purpose in using the word association test was to demonstrate the validity of Freud’s hypothesis that the unconscious operates as an autonomous process. However, the basic purpose of the test in Jungian psychology today is to uncover feeling-toned complexes. Concept of Humanity Humans are complex beings with opposing poles. Neither pessimistic nor optimistic, neither deterministic nor purposive. We are motivated partly by conscious thoughts partly by images from our personal unconscious and partly by our latent memory. No one is completely introverted or totally extroverted. All are solely a thinking, feeling, sensing and intuitive.