Concepts of Teaching and Learning PDF

c. Supernatural healing or faith healers d. Regulated drugs or medicines Chapter 2 : CONCEPTS OF TEACHING AND LEARNING "A teacher who does not have a sound philosophy in life is not capable of formulating a sound concept of education."...

c. Supernatural healing or faith healers d. Regulated drugs or medicines Chapter 2 : CONCEPTS OF TEACHING AND LEARNING "A teacher who does not have a sound philosophy in life is not capable of formulating a sound concept of education." -Loretta Heidgerken Intended Learning Outcomes: At the end of this chapter, the student will be able to: Define the various concepts in the teaching and learning process; Differentiate education process from the nursing process; Explain the purposes and nature of the nursing process; Expound on the characteristics of the nursing process; Discuss the different steps of the nursing process; Explain the different implications of teaching on nursing practice. DEFINITION OF TERMS The following terms are defined for clearer understanding of meanings and use. 1. Education Education is an interactive process of imparting knowledge through sharing, explaining, clarifying and synthesizing the substantive content of the learning process in order to arrive at a positive judgment and well-developed wisdom and behavior (Kozier: 2004). Education is likewise an application of several teaching and learning principles which comprise a body of knowledge and research findings ultimately meant to result in the formation of expected behavior of an individual (Heidgerken: 1971). Education must provide adequate learning opportunities which allow individual to an demonstrate lifelong values which enable her to contribute fully to the development of a peaceful and just society. "A truly educated person nowadays, needs broad general education and the opportunity to study a small number of subjects in depth." -Jacques Delors, UNESCO 2. Health Health is a sense of being physically fit, mentally stable and socially comfortable. It encompasses more than the state of being free of disease (Kozier: 2004). According to WHO, health is a "state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." This encompasses the ability of an individual to perform tasks expected even if some manifestations of illness are felt. "Tomorrow will be the first day that we shall stand in the great work all by ourselves, with no help, no funds back up us, and no one to create them. It's a perilous situation - if we fail we are lost." -Clara Barton It is a condition that permits optimal functioning of the individual to live most and to serve best in her personal and social relationship (Sharman: 1948). Health for Hildegard Peplau is the process by which an individual strive for a stable equilibrium and a forward movement of the personality. It is the ability of an individual to adapt to constant change which will make life easier and faster. For Faye Abdellah, health means a state when an individual has no unmet needs and no anticipated or actual impairment of the body. 3. Learning Learning is the acquisition of knowledge of all kinds such as abilities, habits, attitudes, values and skills (Calderon: 1998) primarily to create change in an individual. It is a gradual, continuous process throughout life. 4. Patient Teaching Patient Teaching is a basic function of nursing, the concept of patient teaching is perceived as a legal and moral requirement of licensed nursing personnel and defined as a system of activities intended to produce learning and change in client health behavior (Nursing Fundamentals: 2012). It is a dynamic interaction between the nurse as the teacher and the patient as the learner. The nurse provides all the needed information for patients or clients to acquire knowledge, and the patient as the learner internalizes these information as basis for his daily routines and activities for promoting and maintaining health. 5. Teaching Teaching is the process of providing learning materials, activities, situations, and experiences that enable the clients or learners to acquire knowledge, attitudes, values and skills in order to facilitate self reliant behavior. Teaching is a consequential process, where the teacher demonstrates and the learner appreciates what is shown and to internalize what is in seen and felt.  THE EDUCATION PROCESS The education process is and learning (Bastable: 2007). It is a cycle that involves a teacher and a learner. A teaching-learning process occurs before the lesson begins and continues after the last lesson ends. This includes the following: 1. Assessment It is a process which provides the nurse educator with information regarding the learners' knowledge and skills needed to efficiently and effectively transfer knowledge and skills to the learners. It also refers to the gathering of data about the learner or A group of learners' demographic profile, skills and abilities needed in identifying the most appropriate teaching strategy. 2. Planning It is a carefully organized written presentation of what the learner needs to learn and how the nurse educator is going to initiate the teaching process. It includes culturally-relevant skills for the learner, the A goals of learning. type of teaching-learning setting such as: classroom, laboratory, clinical, or ward setting. It indicates teaching timeline and specific sets of learner activities. 3. Implementation and Application of the Teaching Plan The point where the theoretical and practical aspects of the teaching-learning process meet as the teacher applies the plan.. This includes procedures or techniques and strategies that the teacher will use to best implement the plan. 4. Evaluation The measurement of the teaching-learning performance of both the teacher and the learner. It is constructive and objective with the purpose of creating effective change in the behavior of both the teacher and the learner in terms of input, process and output. THE NURSING PROCESS The nursing process provides the necessary tool to enable the nurse to render quality nursing care to patients. It helps determine the clients' health needs. It emphasizes the need to manage and maximize health by managing risk factors and encouraging healthy behavior. The nursing process is a scientific and systematic, problem solving approach used to identify, prevent and treat actual or potential health problems and promote wellness. It provides framework in which nurses use their knowledge and skills to express human caring. The nursing process is an orderly, systematic manner of determining the client's problems, making plans to solve the problems, initiating the plan or assigning others to implement the plan, and evaluating the extent to which the plan has effectively resolved the problems identified (Kozier: 2004). PURPOSES OF THE NURSING PROCESS 1. Provides a tool to enable the nurse to render quality-nursing 2. Helps identify the client's health care needs, and determine care to clients. priorities of care and expected outcomes. 3. Establishes nursing intervention to meet client-centered goals. 4. Provides nursing interventions to meet the needs of clients. 5. Evaluates the effectiveness of nursing care in achieving client goals. 6. Achieves scientifically-based, holistic, and individualized care. 7. Takes the opportunity of working collaboratively with clients,and other members of the health care team. 8. Achieves continuity of care to the clients. NATURE OF THE NURSING PROCESS 1. The nursing process is dynamic and cyclic. Each step may be reviewed and revised according to changing client responses to nursing interventions, which may require revisions in the plan of care. 2. It is planned and goal-directed. The plan of care and nursing intervention is organized carefully one to meet the client's goals of care. 3. It is an intellectual process. Nurses use knowledge in problem solving, decision-making and critical thinking to assess their client's problems, plan their care, implement plans, and evaluate the effectiveness of the care given. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NURSING PROCESS 1. Systematic The nursing process has an ordered sequence of precise and accurate activities. Preceding activities influence activities following them. 2. Dynamic The nursing process provides active interaction and integration among activities. Current activity is necessary to influence future activities. 3. Interpersonal The nursing process ensures that nurses are client-centered rather than task-centered. The nursing process encourages nurses to work and help clients use their strength to meet their own needs. 4. Goal-directedt ut The nursing process is a means for nurses and clients to work together in order to identify specific goals related to wellness promotion, disease and illness prevention, health restoration and coping with altered functioning. 5. Universally Applicable The nursing process allows nurses to practice nursing with well or sick people, young or old, regardless of race, creed or religion and in any practice setting. STEPS IN THE NURSING PROCESS Following are the steps in the nursing process (Kozier: 2004) 1. Assessment Assessment includes gathering of data about the system, th individual, family, or community and recording of all neede information. Data are gathered through interview, physiol examination, research and review of records. Purposes of Assessment Predict, detect, prevent, manage or eliminate health problems. Clarify expected outcomes. Develop specific plan. Review of Records. Nursing assessment involves data gathering about the patient from a variety of sources. Initiates the intellectual process in sorting and classifying gathered data, recognizing patterns and discrepancies comparing these with norms and identifying client response to health problems that are amenable to nursing interventions (Kozier: 2004). 2. Planning Planning is the formulation of the nursing care plan on which the nurse works with the client to set goals and objectives and predict outcomes. Planning identifies nursing actions for preventing correcting or relieving health problems and developing specif interventions as stated in the nursing care plan. Planning is done in order to: Detect, prevent and manage health problems. Promote well-being and anticipate potential problems. Allocate and utilize possible resources to achieve desired outcomes. 3. Implementation Implementation is the actual performance of the plan. This helps determine client's progress towards meeting expected outcomes and goals. Nurses document this plan in appropriate forms such as nursing progress notes". They put the plan into action in order to: Assess appropriateness of intervention. Perform interventions. Make immediate changes. Chart and monitor progress of clients. 4. Evaluation Evaluation involves the collection of pertinent and reliable data about the process ard outcome of care. The quality of nursing care that is provided is analyzed and results are compared with expected outcome criteria. 5. Documentation Documentation establishes a written record of assessment, the care provided and the patient's response which is an integral part of each step of the nursing process. EDUCATION AND THE NURSING PROCESS DIFFERENTIATED The education process is often confused with the process because both have the same elements such as assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation. The two are however different in terms of focus. nursing  Nursing process focuses on planning and implementation of care based on the assessment and diagnosis of physical and psychosocial needs of a client, while the education process focuses on the planning and implementation of teaching based assessment and prioritization of learning needs, readiness to learn and learning styles of the learners. on the Figure 2: Adapted from Bastable's Education Process Parallel's Nursing Process IMPLICATIONS OF THE CONCEPTS OF TEACHING AND LEARNING IN NURSING PRACTICE Planning of patient care is a complex process involving several individuals. It is designed to achieve specific goals like health promotion or improvement. Nursing is synonymous to "care" where the nurse responsibility is beyond care for the patient by doing his or her clinical duties such as giving comfort measures and administering treatment modalities. These include cleaning of wounds, changing patient's clothes, ensuring that prescribed medicines are taken on time with the accurate dosage among others (Creasia and Parker: 2007). Nursing also means teaching the patient proper self-care, health promotion, illness or disease prevention, factors affecting health and illness, and treatment options. Relatively, it is important to have a clear understanding of the essence of teaching in the practice of nursing. Teaching plays an essential role in the efficient and effective dissemination of information and in developing practical clinical skills of students by means of demonstration, laboratory activities and similar hands on exercises. MEMORY AID 1. Definition of Terms