Autopilot (Mr. Pesigan) Review PDF

631 AUTOPILOT (MR PESIGAN) Autopilot Modes Airspeed Indicator (ASI) Lateral Modes – These modes control the Altimeter A/C. Horizontal movement and include heading Vertic...

631 AUTOPILOT (MR PESIGAN) Autopilot Modes Airspeed Indicator (ASI) Lateral Modes – These modes control the Altimeter A/C. Horizontal movement and include heading Vertical Speed Indicator hold, navigation and approach modes. Attitude Indicator (AI) Vertical Modes – Vertical movement and Heading Indicator (HI) include altitude hold, vertical speed hold, Turn Coordinator (TC) and glide scope capture modes. Combined Modes – A.P systems often allow Auto Flight is the use of advanced the pilot to combine various lateral and technology to enable aircraft to operate vertical modes to achieve desired flight autonomously, without human. profiles. For example, a pilot can engage altitude hold and navigation modes to Advantages: Improved Efficiency & maintain a specific altitude while following Increased Safety a pre-programmed flight path. Auto Flight in Action: Sensors and Actuators in Autopilot Commercial Aviation – A.F is used to Aviation (designed to measure the static air improved efficiency and safety of pressure surrounding the A/C during commercial airlines flight.) Cargo Transport – A.F is enabling the Pitot Tubes – Measures airspeed and delivery of goods to remote and difficult to altitude. A pitot tube measures fluid flow reach locations. velocity. It was invented by a French Engineer, Henri Pitot, in the early 18th The Driving Force: Sensors, Artificial century, and was modified to its modern Intelligence & Communication Systems form in the mid-19th century by a French Overcoming Obstacles: Regulatory scientist, Henry Darcy. Framework, Public Acceptance, Cybersecurity A350 – Actually has one pitot tube and one AOA, A320 – two pitot tubes on the The future of Auto Flight captain’s side, its most likely just for redundancy. In the event that one fails, you Is poised to transform the aviation still have another one as a backup. I was industry in the coming years. answering the same; redundancy, as Expect to see more autonomous airspeed is such a critical flight. aircraft in the skies, performing a Static Pressure Ports – Static ports feed variety of tasks. static air pressure data to the altimeter, Has the potential to revolutionize enabling it to calculate the a/c’s altitude transportation, making it faster, above sea level by comparing the measured safer and more efficient. pressure with standard atmospheric pressure values at different altitudes. BASIC AUTOPILOT FUNCTIONS: Gyroscopes – (detects changes in A/C Attitude Hold – Maintain the A/C at a pre- attitude (roll, pitch, yaw)) device used for selected altitude by adjusting the elevator measuring or maintaining orientation and control surfaces. Pilot can change desired angular velocity. The gyro device is a altitude, and autopilot will automatically spinning wheel or disc. Its inertia, once the make the necessary adjustments to climb or wheel has been accelerated, tends to keep descend to that altitude. the disc stable about its axis of rotation. Heading Hold – Heading by adjusting the Global Positioning System (GPS) – allows rudder and aileron control surfaces. Pilot pilots to operate with incredible can change the desired heading, autopilot navigational precision while traveling at will automatically turn the A/C to that many miles per minute over the ground. heading. Airspeed Hold – By adjusting the throttle or engine power to maintain that airspeed. GPS has three distinct modes in flight; ACTUATORS IN AUTOPILOT SYSTEMS – Enroute, terminal, and approach. System A/C actuators are used to facilitate a wide Function (3 segments that together allow variety of a/c functions. It works by GPS to function) converting a signal such as electricity or Space segment - Satellites hydraulic pressure into a specific motion, Control segment - Ground based either manually or automatically once monitoring certain conditions are met. Hydraulic Actuators – Use fluids to generate User segment- A/C (antennas & power, force, and torque. They’re extremely receiver/processors) powerful and can generate immense amounts of force while weighing relatively ADDITIONAL INFO: little and without taking up too much space, En Route – Used during the main portion of making them an excellent choice for high- the flight, when a/c is navigating between force applications. Control primary flight waypoints along its planned route - control surfaces (ailerons, elevators, Terminal – Used when a/c is in the vicinity rudders) of the destination airport, typically within Electric Actuators – To convert electricity about 30 nautical miles. Helped the a/c into kinetic energy in either an angle linear transition from the en route phase to the or it automates damper or valve in order to final approach phase increase process efficiency and complexity. Approach – Used during the final approach Used for trim tabs and smaller control to the runway, providing precise guidance surfaces. for landing. Flight Control Systems – Electric linear Wide Area Augmentation System WAAS – actuators have replaced hydraulic systems Way for you to receive a more accurate GPS in flight control surfaces such as ailerons, signal onboard your plane for all types of elevators, and rudders. By utilizing electric navigation: departure, en route, and arrival. linear actuators, aircraft manufacturers An air navigation aid developed by the have reduced the weight of these control Federal Aviation Administration to augment systems, resulting in fuel savings and the GPS, with the goal of improving its increased a/c efficiency. Electric actuators accuracy, integrity, and availability offer precise control over the a/c’s control Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) – surfaces, leading to improved Combine gyroscope and accelerometer data maneuverability and responsiveness. for navigation. It is a self-contained Landing Gear Systems – Used in landing navigation technique in which gear systems to retract and extend the measurements provided by accelerometers landing gear during take-off and landing. It and gyroscopes are used to track the offers faster and more precise operation, position and orientation of an object contributing to smoother landing gear relative. deployment and retraction processes. Radar Altimeters – Transmit Engine Thrust Reversers – Are employed in electromagnetic waves and measure the engine thrust reverser systems, which assist round-trip time delay to earth’s surface to in decelerating an a/c upon landing. It determine distance (i.e height) from provides quick and accurate deployment of air/spaceborne sensor thrust reversers, reducing the time required Weather Radar – On-board weather radar to slow down the a/c and enabling shorter systems can be found in a/c of all sizes. landing distances. Air Data Computers (ADC) – Is essential Cockpit Control Systems – Are utilized in avionics component found in A/C. Can cockpit control systems, Including throttle determine the calibrated airspeed, Mach controls, flap controls, and spoiler controls. number, altitude, trend data from an A/C’s Electric linear actuators offer precise and Pitot Static System. reliable operation, enhancing the pilot’s control over the a/c’s various systems. It contributes to better fuel management, reduced drag, and overall increased efficiency.