6011 Midterm Study Guide PDF

Study Guide for 6011 Midterm Week 1: How Energy Impacts Our Health Explain how energy influences human health The more energy usage a person has, generally the better they are living. Also generally extends our lives. Energy protects for...

Study Guide for 6011 Midterm Week 1: How Energy Impacts Our Health Explain how energy influences human health The more energy usage a person has, generally the better they are living. Also generally extends our lives. Energy protects form a lot of things...i.e. Refrigerator has temperature control protecting us from types of contamination that readily killed people a few 100 years ago. Energy can also influence human health depending on the types of energy. Sustainable energy improves public health, reduces air/water pollutants (cancer, asthma, mercury in fish) , industrial accidents, economic and health impacts of fossil depletion, and climate change (heat wave deaths, disease, crop loss). Fossil fuel burning can lead to air pollution etc. Define ethical considerations on what is meant by sustainable development Some ethical considerations are that sustainable development means living in a way that does not compromise the future generations ability to lice Explain how each major energy source is used and their percent contribution in the US energy mix Petroleum - 37% mostly used for transportation fuels, asphalt, plastics etc. Natural Gas- 29% - Natural gas is mostly utilized for electricity, agriculture (fertilizer), and building heated w/ NG. Cyclical use in nature (winter>summer) Hydro fracking has made cheaper Coal - 14% has been shrinking and been replaced by natural gas. Nuclear - 9% Hydro - 3% (possibly shrinking due to droughts and the fact that we’ve dammed most of big rivers already. Renewable - 8% (Biomass, Wind,Solar, Geothermal) Using systems thinking to evaluate the health impacts of fossil fuel use at the local and global level Health impacts of fossil fuel on a local level include decreased air quality and an increase of the NAAQS 6 criteria air pollutants which can lead to many pulmonary and cardiovascular issues. Globally: Excessive fossil fuel usage is increasing amount of carbon emissions and leading to climate change. As the health of the world deteriorates, drought, wildfires, etc. are leading to decreased health of populations as a whole. Explain health impacts of unconventional extraction (e.g., Tar Sands, Mountaintop Removal, Hydro Fracturing) as well as changes to infrastructure (e.g., pipelines, rail) Canadian Tar Sands (CTS) - oily sand scooped by trucks & boiled to separate oil derivative from sand (water floats the oil to the top) Health Implications: Climate change: causes erosion and deforestation. Also soil is a living object full of microbes and nutrients, so after this process, hard for things to grow in sand, stripped soil. Adds to carbon emissions and climate change Infrastructure Changes: CTS is very hard to move, so limited, would require a pipeline to effectively export to other nations Mountaintop Removal How it Works: Blowing the top off a mountain in order to go after coal Health Implications: Mountain tops are usually acidic and have arsenic/ mercury accumulations. When the mountain top is used to fill a valley, these harmful compounds may enter the water supply. Hydraulic Fracturing How it works: Once a site has been identified, drill a mile below surface past water aquifers, steel casing inserted and cement is pumped through out bottom and btw casing and the hole to serve as a barrier btw well and water. Drilling continues to kick-off pt. Where they start drilling at an angle until horizontal. More cement added. After this drilling rig is removed and valve is put at surface. Water and gel is used to clean out well bore w/ a bit. Perforating guns go to predetermined depth creating perf tunnels that are about 30 in long and ⅓ in diameter. Fleet of pump trucks then used to send water/sand mixture deep into well-bore and out into perf tunnels. This fractures the rock, & when pressure is relieved fractures can grow 2 200-400 ft. Fractures provide trapped natural oil or gas an easy path into well-bore. Process of perforation repeated entire length of pipe/horizontal part Health Implications: Takes a lot of diesel trucks that add air and noise pollution. Also produces methane emissions and methane is an extremely strong GHG. Additionally, flowback water is salty, full or chemicals and radiological waste, and is too dirty to put anywhere. Shale industry 4.1 times more lethal than others Infrastructure changes: needs to be moved by rail, but is more explosive than conventional crude oil (oil spill and explosions on the rise w/ unconventional oil) Explain how water is used in electricity production In most of all electricity production, we just boil water. We take steam (water explosion) through a turbine, and the steam turns a turbine and creates electricity. This study source was downloaded by 100000790430336 from CourseHero.com on 10-21-2024 20:29:01 GMT -05:00 https://www.coursehero.com/file/52205044/6011-Midterm-Study-Guidedocx/  Use ethics and evidence to discuss limitations and benefits of renewable energy in developed and developing nations Benefits: The benefits of renewable energy in both developed and developing nations is that its safer, cleaner, and more abundant than fossil fuels. Multiple forms of renewable energy exist(hydro, solar, wind, geothermal etc.) Also allows countries to work towards energy independence. Also brings in lots of jobs. Limitations: Not every form of energy is commercially viable. Many forms of energy are location-specific and therefore some countries would not have the environments to generate energy in that form. Requires a huge capital output and a lot of space that a lot of developing countries are not able to invest in. Additionally, if you don’t have access to energy period, your concern is not whether it’s sustainable or not just whether or not you can get access to it. Week 2: Air Pollution Explain global weather patterns and why most all the earth’s rainforests are at the equator. Global Weather Patterns Hadley Cells: In the Hadley cell, air rises up into the atmosphere at or near the equator, flows toward the poles above the surface of the Earth, returns to the Earth’s surface in the subtropics, and flows back towards the equator. Deserts:As warm air keeps rising from the equator, it pushes the cooler air away. The cool air moves north and south before falling back toward the ground at around 30 to 50 degrees north and south of the equator. With warm air rising above the equator and the cooled air falling to the north and south, two circular patterns of air movement are created around the equator. These patterns of air circulation are called Hadley cells. When the cool air begins to fall back toward the ground, or descend, it starts to warm up again. This warm, dry air can hold a lot of water, so the air starts to suck up what little water is around. At 30 to 50 degrees north and south of the equator, this falling air makes dry air drier. It also turns the land below it into a desert. Why are Rainforests near the equator? - Equatorial sun heats the ocean(humidified air) this hot air rises and cool, and then water vapor condenses from colder air and it rains a lot = rainforest Describe lung physiology and particle clearance with macrophage and the mucociliary escalator Lung Physiology- Lungs are made of trachea that branch into smaller airways called bronchi that branch into bronchioles that finally divide into small grape-like clusters called alveoli (this is where oxygen is exchanged for CO2) Mucociliary Escalator: A moving carpet of mucus. IT’s a mucous layer bc it has to stay together/ so sticky, Cilia layer beats mucus layer up and out of the lungs. Happens throughout your upper tracheal broncheal tree. This process is continuous and how particles are cleared out of the lungs Macrophage: when PM2.5 are able to get past mucociliary escalator and get into alveolar region of the lungs. Since there is no mucus or cilia in alveoli region, there is no true clearance mechanism. What happens instead is small particles are removed w/ alveolar macrophages. Macrophages are a type of white blood cell that goes around and finds foreign particles that get to the alveolar region, and consumes them and digests them with acid. Describe each of the 6 criteria air pollutants to include how they are emitted, their human health effects and general corrective actions taken to mitigate each air pollutant Ozone- Tropospheric ozone is bad! There is a small amt naturally occuring, but humans have exacerbated it. How is it emitted? Not actually emitted by anything. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) - anything from perfume to gasoline vapors (anything w/ a carbon backbone and NOx +heat = increased ozone) Human Health Effects: Leads to airway reactivity esp. In ppl w/ asthma. Corrective Actions: We can’t control ozone, so we control VOCs (reduce gas vapors) and NOx(better gas mileage...haven't gotten good at controlling agriculture and run off yet SOx How is it emitted? Is mainly emitted through the burning of fossil fuels (coal), Industrial processes, and petroleum refinement and production of paper and cement Human Health Effects: Huge role in acid rain, acidified lakes, kills fish and eats away at cement. Its a huge irritant to the lungs Corrective Actions: Use of coal air scrubbers to cut SOx emissions. Also use coal from west w/ less sulfur. No more appalachian coal. NOx How is it emitted? NOx is emitted from cars and combustion (7species) and agriculture Human Health Effects: Causes irritation of eyes, lungs, nose and throat. Also increased disease vulnerability. Corrective Actions: Creating cleaner cars w/ greater gas mileage, agriculture not as well controlled Carbon Monoxide How is it emitted? Result of inefficient combusion...should go to CO2 Human Health Effects: CO binds v. tightly to hemoglobin in red blood cells and prevents them from carrying CO2. If levels are high enough you get chemical asphyxiation Corrective Actions: Creating more efficient cars Particulate Matter How is it emitted? PM2.5 and PM10 = small particles, dirt, soot, smoke, dust, liquid droplets etc. This study source was downloaded by 100000790430336 from CourseHero.com on 10-21-2024 20:29:01 GMT -05:00 https://www.coursehero.com/file/52205044/6011-Midterm-Study-Guidedocx/  Human Health Effects: PM 2.5 can lead to heart attacks, heart disease, aggravated asthma, chronic bronchitis, decreased lung function, increased respiratory symptoms and premature death Corrective Actions: EPA is monitoring and taking action to reduce emission of PM2.5 Lead(Pb) How is it emitted? Lead was emitted from gasoline, pipes, paint etc. now its banned in all these things Human Health Effects: Lead is a neurotoxin especially harmful to children. Can also cause nerve damage, kidney damage Corrective Actions: Took lead out of gas, pipes, paint etc. and blood lead levels of Americans went down Understand the cause, controls and health implications of a thinning Stratospheric Ozone Cause: Most likely culprit of Ozone layer thinning is Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) CFC were used in foam manufacturing, aerosol sprays, air conditioners, fridges etc bc it was so stable. Once CFCs get to stratosphere, not so stable bc suns energy is stronger, and it's not filtered through the ozone layer, so this excess energy cleaves a chlorine atom from the freon. Free radical chlorine reacts with O3 (ozone) and turns it into molecules of O2 and O. The Cl atom is not destroyed in the process and can do the same reaction 100K times before its terminal Controls: Montreal Protocol to phase out CFCs in several stages, basically aimed to remove chlorine from the molecule. Move to CH2F2 (HFCs) But now there is a new problem bc HFCs are a super GHG that is a thousand times more potent than CO2. Health Implications: Natural Ozone layer protects us from harmful UV(skin cancer). If ozone thins too much the most harmful kinds of UV rays (UVB and UVC) will be allowed through more readily. Will lead to increases in skin cancer and cataracts. Explain the mortality impacts of global indoor and outdoor air pollution. 4.2 mil deaths every year as a result of exposure to ambient (outdoor) air pollution 3.8 million people die from indoor air pollution prematurely annually What percentage of the global population exceeded the WHO Guideline for PM 2.5 (in 2016) In 2016, 92% of the world’s population lived in a place where air quality levels exceed “WHO’s Ambient Air quality guidelines” for annual mean of particulate matter with a diameter of less than 2.5 micrometres (PM 2.5). WHO guideline limits for annual mean of PM2.5 are 10 μg/m3 annual mean. Identify where household air pollution is a major issue globally and its link to economic development Household air pollution is a greater problem in developing countries with high poverty rates. In those countries solid fuels are used for heating and cooking. The burning of solid fuels in households for cooking and heating can lead to very low indoor air quality, and illness or mortality from pneumonia, stroke, heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer. Most deaths from indoor air pollution occur in Africa and Asia where there is not as much access to clean fuel technologies for cooking. Describe trends in wildfires, smoke inhalation health impacts and the air pollutants of highest concern in wildfire smoke. PM 2.5 is the greatest air pollutant concern from wildfire smoke. Week 3: Climate Change and Health Explain the greenhouse effect and the influence of short-wave and long-wave radiation The Greenhouse effect happens when sunlight (UV) passes through the earth’s atmosphere in the form of UV,visible light, and very small amounts of infrared and warms the Earth’s surface. This heat is radiated back towards space. Most of the outgoing high energy heat is absorbed by greenhouse gas molecules and re-emitted in all directions, warming the surface of the Earth and the lower atmosphere preventing the planet from being an ice box. Only lower energy infrared waves are allowed to escape the Earth’s atmosphere. Shortwave radiation (visible light) Long-wave radiation (infrared) Characterize the warming influence of CO2 and methane on the planet is the base unit of greenhouse gases. 1 of the weaker GHG but lasts in atmosphere for ~ 100 years. Methane - lasts 10-20yrs in atmosphere, but several times more potent than Explain the global direct and indirect health ramifications of climate change such as poleward migration of diseases, wildfire/smoke inhalation, extreme flooding and droughts, heat related deaths, harmful algal blooms, human migration, mental health distress and human conflict. Poleward Migration of Diseases As temps rise globally, diseases and their vectors are now able to live in areas that were once inhabitable. So more tropical diseases are being found closer and closer to poles. Wildfire/ Smoke Inhalation This study source was downloaded by 100000790430336 from CourseHero.com on 10-21-2024 20:29:01 GMT -05:00 https://www.coursehero.com/file/52205044/6011-Midterm-Study-Guidedocx/  Wildfires are becoming an increasing problem leading to not only enormous amounts of destruction of property and life, but they are different than natural fires. Wild fires are now getting much bigger and higher and decreasing air quality with enormous amounts of PM 2.5 in the form of smoke. Extreme Flooding Droughts Heat Related Deaths Harmful Algal Blooms Human Migration As more droughts occur, and the temperatures in the global south begin to rise, people are beginning to migrate to areas where they can sustain themselves. This can lead to conflict. Identify the current CO2 concentration and the pre-industrial CO2 concentration The current concentration is about 408 ppm (parts per million). The pre-industrial concentration of was about ~300 ppm (he said something about 270/280 but rounded to 300) Identify the temperature and CO2 concentration cap agreed to in the 2015 Paris Agreement and the structure of the Paris Agreement At the 2015 Paris Agreement, the temperature and concentrations agreed upon were keeping the globe beneath a 2 °C increase and below 450 ppm in the atmosphere and zero GHG emissions by 2050. 196 world leaders came together for this. Explain the difference between heat exhaustion and heat stroke and how to treat each Heat Exhaustion Symptoms: Faint or Dizzy, Excessive Sweating, Cool, Pale, Clammy skin, Nausea or Vomiting, Rapid, weak pulse, Muscle Cramps How to Treat: Get to cool place w/ AC, Drink water if fully conscious, Take cool shower/ use cold compress Heat Stroke Symptoms: Throbbing Headache, No Sweating, Body Temp >103, Red, Hot, Dry, Skin, Nausea or Vomiting, Rapid, Strong Pulse, and May lose Consciousness How to Treat: Call 9-1-1, and take immediate action to cool person until help arrives Explain the ethical considerations regarding climate change why poorer people / countries are more vulnerable than richer people / countries While everyone around the world feels the effects of climate change, the most vulnerable are people living in the world’s poorest countries — like Haiti and Timor-Leste — and the world’s 2.5 billion smallholder farmers, herders and fisheries who depend on the climate and natural resources for food and income.Increasingly unpredictable weather patterns, shifting seasons, and natural disasters disproportionately threaten these populations, increasing their risk and their dependency on humanitarian aid.Three out of four people living in poverty rely on agriculture and natural resources to survive. For these people, the effects of climate change — shifting weather, limited water sources and increased competition for resources — are a real matter of life and death. Climate change has turned their lives into a desperate guessing game. Using the One Health framework, discuss climate policy interventions that would help with mitigation or adaptation for developed and developing countries. Interventions that monitor climate change and the health of animals and plants can be used to predict unhealthy environments which can help prevent disease in humans Ex. woman seeing dead moss Week 4: How Infrastructure Impacts Our Health Categorize various food substances between macronutrients and micronutrients There are 4 main Macronutrients. There are carbohydrates (4 Kcal/g), proteins(4kCal/g), fats(9kCal/g), and alcohol(7kCal/g, although not needed for healthy human life). 1. Carbohydrates (Sugar, starches, and fibers) - get more complex in that order Fibers are not usually absorbed, but good for intestinal health This study source was downloaded by 100000790430336 from CourseHero.com on 10-21-2024 20:29:01 GMT -05:00 https://www.coursehero.com/file/52205044/6011-Midterm-Study-Guidedocx/  Good sources = fruits, veggies, cereals, grains, sweeteners 2. Proteins (chains of amino acids) Play an important role in the body as the building blocks of muscles, cells, skin, and collagen Also act as enzymes, and carrier proteins for fat soluble compounds in blood Involved in cell signaling as receptors and signaling molecules Good dietary sources: Meats, Poultry, Legumes, Fish, Nuts, and Seeds 3. Fats Most concentrated source of calories (9kCal/g) Necessary for absorption of fat-soluble nutrients, can protect organs, and cells/ (membranes) Some types of fat (unsaturated) are better for you than others(saturated, trans, bad cholesterol) Good Dietary Sources: Avocados, Seeds, What separates macro and micronutrients is the fact that macronutrients provide calories in our diet. There are 2 main groups of Micronutrients 1. Vitamins Essential organic nutrients req. By the body in small amt. For health Humans can’t synthesize vitamins, they must be got from food or exogenous sources Can be water soluble (B,C) or fat soluble (A,D,E,K) 2. Minerals Inorganic elements req. By the body in small amt. For health (bones, body signaling) Elements (magnesium, sodium, calcium etc.) Describe a healthy diet and explain hunger, malnutrition, food security Healthy Diet Dietary Guidelines state, a healthy diet consists of fruits, grains, variety of vegetables, protein, dairy(for calcium), and healthy oils. Healthy diet also includes limiting intake of saturated and trans fats, added sugars, sodium, and alcohol. Malnutrition Defined as deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances in a person’s intake of energy/nutrients Most think of starvation in developing countries Kwashiorkor: eating periodically w/ not enough protein edema in abdomen/feet/ankles Marasmus- Nutrient deficiency usually due to poverty, and scarcity of food Food Security Defined as access at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life. Includes ready availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods of an assured ability to acquire foods in socially acceptable ways Food Insecurity Exists whenever the availability of nutritionally adequate, safe foods or the ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways is limited or uncertain High Food Security: No reported indications of food access problems or limitations Marginal Food Security: 1 or 2 reported indications...anxiety of food sufficiency or shortage but little to no indication of changes in diet/food intake Low Food Security- reduced quality, variety, or desirability of diet; little or no indication of reduced food intake Very Low Food Security Reports of multiple indications of not enough food intake Explain how the food environment and disparities can influence our food choices Food Environment is defined as the physical presence of food that can affect a person’s diet. It can be a person’s home, school, work, neighborhood, community, city, regional, national, international influences. People can experience the same food env. Differently, depending on income level, age, gender, cooking ability, cultural preferences, transportation, and perceived differences. Ex. coworkers all go out to eat, so now you go out with them instead of eating healthy lunch Ex. Amer. live in obesogenic env. Where calorie dense, highly palatable food is readily available everywhere Ex. If you work or go to school in a certain place, you are at the mercy of whatever foods are available in the vicinity. If all that is there is a vending machine with bad options you must still eat. Disparities can influence food choices because areas of lower income tend to have less healthy food availability. In addition, healthy food, if it is available, may be out of the price range of people of lower SES status. Generally, calorie-dense, unhealthy foods are cheaper. Explain the changes in occupational energy expenditure in the US over time There has been a rise in jobs that are light in intensity or sedentary. On the other hand, there has been a decrease in moderate or greater energy expenditure jobs due to automation. This is a problem because people spend a majority of their time at work, and this has contributed to increased obesity prevalence. This study source was downloaded by 100000790430336 from CourseHero.com on 10-21-2024 20:29:01 GMT -05:00 https://www.coursehero.com/file/52205044/6011-Midterm-Study-Guidedocx/  Explain how physical activity influences chronic disease and mortality Regular physical activity leads to cardiovascular fitness, which decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease mortality in general and coronary artery disease mortality in particular. But in general physical activity reduces the risk of chronic disease and mortality. Specifically reduces risk of hypertension, cardiovascular disease, colon cancer, diabetes, obesity etc. Describe how income has generally influenced greenhouse gas emissions People of higher SES tend to have a higher GHG emission footprint. People who are wealthier tend to live in bigger properties that require more energy for heating and cooling, and have more gadgetry that absorbs more energy. Additionally, higher SES dictates that people consume more goods, and that will drive up production emissions elsewhere. A caveat, people with higher SES can also afford to invest in Low carbon emission things such as solar panels, teslas, special insulation Explain the LEED certification levels and various building efficiency technologies The four LEED certification level designations are Platinum, Gold, Silver and Certified. Regardless of the certification level achieved, all projects must meet mandated prerequisites and then choose from 110 available credit points to reach the desired certification level. The LEED Platinum level certification achieves the highest honor and the LEED Certified level achieves fundamental performance. Certified (40-49 pts), Silver (50-59 pts), Gold(60-79pts), and Platinum is (80+pts) Building Efficiency Technologies Renewable energy: photovoltaics, solar, solar hotwater, geothermal Equipment: HVAC equipment, lights, appliances Systems: Whole house approach, “system integration, duct sealing, combustion heating Building Envelope: insulation, windows, walls, floor, air seating Explain how life cycle assessment (LCA) infuses systems thinking into sustainable decision making Generally speaking, when we buy things or choose things as consumers, we base our sustainability decision making on the “use phase” of out LCA. However, by examining the whole history of something, we can holistically examine any product and its true environmental footprint. It’s system thinking bc the LCA looks at all the individual systems in product creation and how they come together to make the product. Ex. Plastic bags are “cleaner” than paper bags, bg process of creating paper is terrible Ex. Cotton is better than Polyester, bc a lot goes into creating cotton, creating polyester = very low GHG emissions Match a process description to one of the five phases of the life cycle assessment framework *All steps of a LCA require minerals, water and energy inputs and release Air emissions, solid waste and waste water Raw Material Acquisition - What goes in to extracting or getting raw material? I.e. diesel trucks? Deforestation? Etc. Material Manufacture- Turning the raw material into something that can be used to make product (how dirty is process) Product Manufacture - Actual creation of product Product Use - Phase that most ppl tend to focus on, because it is the phase that we see most readily Product Disposal - How is our product disposed of? Is it possible to dispose of? Does it leech chemicals? Is it recyclable? Discuss the influence of human behaviors (e.g., take-back effect) in making sustainable choices Take-Back Effect A tendency to increase energy use in a facility or for an appliance etc. as a result of increased efficiency in energy usage Offsets beneficial effect of the new technology Ex: more fuel-efficient car = more driving, LED light bulbs = forgetting lights on more Opt-In vs Opt-Out Ppl are more likely to opt out than opt-in. Opting out gets higher participation when default. Works for vaccines, renewable energy, mass transit and so on... Discuss how sustainable practices at the personal, household and community levels improves health Explain strategies in how public health professionals can play a major role in shifting behavior to abate climate change, reduce energy consumption and live a healthier lifestyle Week 5: Disaster Management: The Public Health Role Explain the difference between an emergency and a disaster Emergency - a disruption that does not exceed a community or society’s capacity to cope This study source was downloaded by 100000790430336 from CourseHero.com on 10-21-2024 20:29:01 GMT -05:00 https://www.coursehero.com/file/52205044/6011-Midterm-Study-Guidedocx/  Disaster - a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses that exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources Explain which stage of a natural disaster a given a situation represents and the public health needs Explain the principles of defensible space in fire prone areas The Defensible Space principle involves leaving a 100m radius clear free zone of trees around the house to provide a buffer from forest fires. In between tree radius and house, one should maintain low, well-watered greenery that will not easily catch fire. In addition, one should check environment to eliminate all possible fire ladders (i.e. increasing levels of trees that allows fire to climb to canopies of trees) Explain solar disinfection (SODIS) to treat drinking water Solar disinfection works by utilizing a clean, PET grade transparent water bottle to purify water. You take the bottle and fill it with the cleanest water(low turbidity) you can find. You then expose the bottle to sunlight for 6 hours( or a cloudiness for 2 days) and then the water becomes ready for consumption. The UV-A rays in sunlight kill germs such as viruses, bacteria and parasites (giardia and cryptosporidia). The method also works when air and water temperatures are low. Explain the issues regarding the US National Flood Insurance Program NFIP owes $20 Billion dollars to US Treasury after $10 Billion bailout (have to pay back w/ interest) Premiums were supposed to cover payments, but disasters have gotten bigger, and payments are now too low for the risk...issue is getting worse NFIP covers several properties that have had several, repetitive flood losses, creating big expenditures Know the insect vectors for Malaria, Yellow Fever, Zika, Dengue and West Nile. Malaria is caused by the Anopheles spp mosquito Yellow Fever, Zika, and Dengue are caused by the Aedes aegypti mosquito West Nile virus is caused by the Culex spp According to the Frumkin book (from 1964 to 2013), globally, which type of natural disaster has the highest mortality rate (kills the most people per 100,000 people affected). Tsunamis killed the greatest number of people between 1964-2013. Part of the reason for this is that tsunamis are unpredictable and hard to escape once they arrive (13,563 per 100,000). Describe ways to prepare for natural disasters at the household, local, national and global levels Household Predict how many days/weeks you will be in disaster status, so you are not w/o food, water, or electricity Assume you will not have GPS, Phone, or text capability depending on disaster and damage levels If displaced from home/work, have a plan on where to meet Water, Food, Long term food, lighting, cooling, and heating considerations Local Building codes, flood drainage, tornado shelters etc. National FEMA, National Guard, pre-stage disaster supplies, high water vehicles, helicopters etc. Global Organizations like WHO creating Emergency Health partnerships etc. that help for regional distribution of resources in the event of an emergency Describe the basic needs after a natural disaster to include ethical considerations of human displacement and mental health of victims Mental health counseling is needed after a disaster for victims of the disaster, especially children. In addition, first responders also need counseling in order to cope with loss of life. Describe the top 5 causes of mortality globally in the aftermath of a disaster. Diarrhea(contaminated water) Vibrio cholera and E. coli are primary cause of drinking water contamination Acute Respiratory Infection (crowded conditions) Measles (crowded conditions, weakened immunity) Malnutrition (disruption to food supply) Ex. In Puerto Rico, had previously depleted stores of food due to other storms before Maria. Malaria (in endemic zones, people are more exposed) Explain how to prevent the spread of various types of infectious diseases after a disaster Education on hygiene and hand washing, and provision of an adequate quantity of safe water, sanitation facilities and appropriate shelter are very important for prevention of infectious diseases. Avoid overcrowding people to avoid the spread of Acute Respiratory infections Avoid Diarrheal disease, Hepatitis A and E, and Leptospirosis by only drinking and utilizing safe water. Avoid mosquitoes and other insects for fear of vector borne diseases such as malaria/ yellow fever/ dengue etc. w/ use of repellent and long sleeves, LLITNs, This study source was downloaded by 100000790430336 from CourseHero.com on 10-21-2024 20:29:01 GMT -05:00 https://www.coursehero.com/file/52205044/6011-Midterm-Study-Guidedocx/  Mass immunizations of population with measles vaccine, Tetanus Diphtheria etc. to prevent mass outbreak Also provide necessary vitamins etc. Have primary care services in order to provide early diagnosis, prevention, and treatment This study source was downloaded by 100000790430336 from CourseHero.com on 10-21-2024 20:29:01 GMT -05:00 https://www.coursehero.com/file/52205044/6011-Midterm-Study-Guidedocx/ Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)