Vilnius University Chemistry Lecture 6 PDF

The Chemistry of Human Nature and Chemistry at home VI lecture 2024-10-10, Ph.D. Skirmantė Tutlienė ???How was a test??? Were the tasks of the test easy? □ Very Easy; □ Easy; □ I expected that, so I was ready; □ I answered not to all questions; □ It was difficult. ht...

The Chemistry of Human Nature and Chemistry at home VI lecture 2024-10-10, Ph.D. Skirmantė Tutlienė ???How was a test??? Were the tasks of the test easy? □ Very Easy; □ Easy; □ I expected that, so I was ready; □ I answered not to all questions; □ It was difficult. https://emokymai.vu.lt/user/ Exam date: 9 January 2024, at 3 PM 1st test is done (10 October 2024) 2nd test is 7 November 2024 3rd test is 12 December 2023 3 Chemistry at home Highlights 1. BASIC CONCEPTS; 2. HOME PHARMACY. MEDICATIONS, THEIR TYPES. 4 BASIC CONCEPTS 5  Basic concepts Which product would you choose? If these sun-dried tomato products contain preservatives accordingly: 1 □ 1st, E200; 2 □ 2nd, (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid; □ 3rd, Rowan (Sorbus) Fruit Extract; □ It doesn’t matter to 3 me which one. https://emokymai.vu.lt/user/  Basic concepts Food additives are any substance, the intended use of which results or may reasonably be expected to result, directly or indirectly, in its becoming a component or otherwise affecting the characteristics of any food. In other words, an additive is any substance that is added to food. What the nature produces, we accept bravely. If the same substance is made by a person, we are likely to accept this material with reservations. Natural material - good, and synthetic - less good or evil, although it may be the same substance with the same chemical formula. Do E numbers bring some suspicions by themselves? Yet the E number is given only to those materials that are especially safe to use. For example: E101 is riboflavin or vitamin B2. Vitamin B2 synthesises bacteria, yeast, plants. Food and Solution E101 beverages that provide riboflavin without fortification are milk, cheese, eggs, leaf vegetables, liver, kidneys, lean meats, legumes, mushrooms and almonds. E200 = Sorbic acid ≈ Rowan (Sorbus) Fruit Extract Riboflavin 7  Basic concepts E numbers are codes for substances that are permitted to be used as food additives for use within the European Union (EU) and European Free Trade Association (EFTA). Now they are used much wider than just EU. E numbers are commonly found on food labels, their safety assessment and approval are the responsibility of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The numbering scheme follows that of the International Numbering System (INS) as determined by the Codex Alimentarius committee. Classification E number range Colours 100–199 Preservatives 200–299 Antioxidants and acidity regulators 300–399 Thickeners, stabilisers and emulsifiers 400–499 pH regulators and anti-caking agents 500–599 Flavour enhancers 600–699 Antibiotics 700–799 Glazing agents, gases and sweeteners 900–999 8 Additional additives 1100–1599 Basic concepts Antimicrobial reagents destroy microorganisms The urea, i.e. E927b (bacteria, mold) in foods. Benzoates, Urea, etc. Antioxidants are food additives that prolong the Vitamin C, i.e. Ascorbic acid, E300 time of consumption of foods, protect against oxidation. Antioxidants also improve food taste and look. Vitamin C, Gallic acid, etc. Softeners soften the skin; are added to creams, shampoos and others. Like Vaseline. Vaseline is a soft, oily mass consisting of liquid and saturated hydrocarbons, mainly from C22H46 and C23H48. 9  Basic concepts Emulsifiers are used to preserve the product Glycerol, i.e. E422 (mayonnaise, margarine, etc.) not laminated into separate parts. E422 Glycerine → Glycerol. Preservatives are used to keep the product fresh as Potassium benzoate, i.e. E212 long as possible. E200-E211 Benzoates, sorbates... i.e. Potassium benzoate Kinds of preservatives: Calcium sorbate, i.e. E203 Food and fodder preservatives Pharmaceutical materials preservatives Cosmetics preservatives Pigments and dyes preservatives Biological substances preservatives 1 J = 2.390×10−4 kcal (food calories) 1 kcal = 4.2 J Wood preservatives The energy content of the food is indicated in calories (or kilocalories, kcal). Fixators, Moisturizers, Mordants, Surfactants, Although the system unit is a Joule (J). Water Softeners, Fragrances.... J = kg m2 s–2 More info. and video: https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/food-additives 10 HOME PHARMACY. MEDICATIONS, THEIR TYPES. 11 Home pharmacy. Medications, their types. Do you have a medical kit at home? □ Yes; □ No. Do you carry your first aid kit when you travel? □ Yes; □ No. https://emokymai.vu.lt/user/ Home pharmacy. Medications, their types. Home pharmacy - all homes have essential supplies of medicines. Usually we have the following drugs: 1. Pain killers (paracetamol, ibuprofen, aspirin,....). 2. Stomach disorder medicine (rennie, zantac,....). 3. Eye, ear drops. 4. Antiseptic products. 5. Cough medicine. 6. Diarrhea medicine (immodium). 7. Blood circulation enhancers. 8. Others medicine. 13  Home pharmacy. Medications, their types. 2-(4-Isobutylphenyl)propanoic acid 1. Pain killers Ibuprofen Ibuprofen is a good anti-inflammatory drug. Stewart Adams discovered it in 1961. Paracetamol is a good painkiller. 4-(Acetylamino)phenol Harmon Northrop Morse synthesized it in 1877, Paracetamol but just in 1887 Joseph von Mering (clinical pharmacologist) tested it on human. Aspirin may work as both, but stomach is sensitive to it. In 1853, Charles Frédéric Gerhardt was 2-Acetoxybenzoic acid the first who synthesized it. In 1897-1899 Aspirin Bayer improved synthesis, named ‘Aspirin’ and sold it all around the Wold. 14 Salicylic acid  Home pharmacy. Medications, their types. Magnesium hydroxide 2. Stomach disorder medicine Calcium carbonate Rennie neutralizes gastric acid, which causes pains. Magnesium carbonate Alka-Seltzer is a drink to relieve a 2-Acetoxybenzoic acid Monosodium carbonate hangover, headache and Aspirin stomach discomfort linked to it. Citric acid Ranigast is mainly for heartburn pain reduction. Ranitidine hydrochloride It reduces the production of stomach acid. 15  Home pharmacy. Medications, their types. 3. Eye, ear drops Water Boric acid Glycerol Optrex effectively soothes irritated and tired eyes, cleans them. Gallotannin H2O Witch-hazels (Lat. Hamamelis) extract Sodium tetraborate decahydrate Benzalkonium chloride Calcium oxalate 16  Home pharmacy. Medications, their types. Ingredients: 4. Antiseptic products Active material: Hand hygiene products: ethanol, CAS No. 64-17-5, Alcohol-based (hand) rub EB No. 200-578-6, 80,0 %; Antimicrobial (medicated) soap additional: glycerol, Antiseptic agent hydrogen peroxide. Antiseptic hand wipe Detergent (surfactant) Plain soap Waterless antiseptic agent https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK144046/ Also called: Handrubs = Hand Sanitizers https://www.who.int/gpsc/5may/Guide_to_Local_Production.pdf?ua=1 17 Home pharmacy. Medications, their types. 4. Antiseptic products While alcohol is the active component in the formulations, certain aspects of other components should be respected. All raw materials used should be preferably free of viable bacterial spores. H2O2: The low concentration of H2O2 is intended to help eliminate contaminating spores in the bulk solutions and recipients and is not an active substance for hand antisepsis. H2O2 adds an important safety aspect, however the use of 3–6% for the production might be complicated by its corrosive nature and by difficult procurement in some countries. Further investigation is needed to assess H2O2 availability in different countries as well as the possibility of using a stock solution with a lower concentration. Glycerol and other humectants or emollients: Glycerol is added as a humectant to increase the acceptability of the product. Other humectants or emollients may be used for skin care, provided that they are affordable, available locally, miscible (mixable) in water and alcohol, non-toxic, and hypoallergenic. Glycerol has been chosen because it is safe and relatively inexpensive. Lowering the percentage of glycerol may be considered to further reduce stickiness of the handrub. https://www.who.int/gpsc/5may/Guide_to_Local_Production.pdf?ua=1 18 Home pharmacy. Medications, their types. Usually we have the following drugs: 1. Pain killers (paracetamol, ibuprofen, aspirin,....). 2. Stomach disorder medicine (rennie, zantac,....). 3. Eye, ear drops. 4. Antiseptic products. 5. Cough medicine. 6. Diarrhea medicine (immodium). 7. Blood circulation enhancers. 8. Others medicine. Analyze independently!!! https://medlineplus.gov/druginformation.html http://www.drhomeo.com/wp- http://www.commonchemistry.org content/uploads/2018/07/homeopathic-first-aid-kit.jpg https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.vaistai.lt 19 Home pharmacy. Medications, their types. Additional ingredients Large amount of all medicine pills contain additional components. These additional compounds are not harmful for human and they are necessary for drug’s shape, surface film/coating or solution consistence, taste, smell, etc. For example: Starch is making easier to digest a medicine, thereby causing the tablets to break up and release its active ingredients. Povidone is a water-soluble polymer that acts as a glue to hold the ingredients in the tablet together. Magnesium stearate prevents the tablets from sticking to the equipment that compresses them into tablet form. Potassium sorbate is a preservative that protects tablet against moulds and yeasts. Colorants – e.g. white TiO2. Talc (magnesium silicate) and cellulose are added to bulk out (increase volume) the tablets. 20 Events 21 https://fb.me/e/4VzAQ6zg7  Questions: 1. You need to know the definition of Food additives. 2. Which substances are covered by the E numbering system? 3. What purposes are additives added for? What qualities do they provide or help to maintain? e.g.: What emulsifiers, preservatives or/and antioxidants provide? 4. Which of the Pain killers / Pain relieving medicine can be attributed to an alcohol compound, because its molecule has a functional group of alcohol class compounds? 5. Which of the painkiller’s molecule’s functional groups are attached to the phenyl ring in the para position and which in the ortho position? 6. What ingredients should medicine contain to reduce gastric acidity? 7. What is the main ingredient of eye drops? 8. What for and which substances are used as additives in medicine products? 22 References: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_number#E200%E2%80%93E299_(preservatives) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK144046/ https://www.who.int/gpsc/5may/Guide_to_Local_Production.pdf?ua=1 https://medlineplus.gov/druginformation.html http://www.commonchemistry.org https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov https://kavalgau.lt/ www.vaistai.lt 23 The sixth lecture is done! Thank you. CONTACTS Ph.D. Skirmantė Tutlienė [email protected]