Genetic Change PDF

**Mutation** Inquiry question: How does mutation introduce new alleles into a population? Students: explain how a range of mutagens operate, including but not limited to: -- electromagnetic radiation sources -- chemicals -- naturally occurring mutagens compare the causes, processes and effe...

**Mutation** Inquiry question: How does mutation introduce new alleles into a population? Students: explain how a range of mutagens operate, including but not limited to: -- electromagnetic radiation sources -- chemicals -- naturally occurring mutagens compare the causes, processes and effects of different types of mutation, including but not limited to: -- point mutation -- chromosomal mutation distinguish between somatic mutations and germ-line mutations and their effect on an organism assess the significance of 'coding' and 'non-coding' DNA segments in the process of mutation investigate the causes of genetic variation relating to the processes of fertilisation, meiosis and mutation evaluate the effect of mutation, gene flow and genetic drift on the gene pool of populations **What is basic info on mutation?** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **How do a range of mutagens operate?** *note - mutagen → mutagen causing agent/chemical* - - - - - - - CAUSES OF DNA DAMAGE & TYPES OF REPAIR MECHANISMS ACTIVATED: - - - - - - - - - - - - - MUTAGENS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **How do you compare causes, processes and effects of different types of mutations?** Five point criteria for different types of mutations- 1. a. b. 2. c. d. e. 3. f. 4. g. h. i. 5. j. k. +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | **Point mutation** | **Chromosomal | | | | mutation** | | | **(**Single gene | | | | mutations) | | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | **Causes** | Change to a single | Alteration to | | | DNA nucleotide | structure of one or | | | | more whole | | | | chromosomes | | | | | | | | - - | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Processes** | Two types: | Four types: | | | | | | | 1\. Base nucleotide | 1\. Chromosomal | | | pair- insertion, | deletion | | | deletion | | | | | - | | | - - - | | | | | 2\. Chromosomal | | | 2\. Base nucleotide | insertion | | | pair - substitution | (duplication) | | | | | | | - - - | - | | | | | | | 3\. Spontaneous | 3\. Chromosomal | | | point mutations | inversion | | | | | | | - - | - | | | | | | | | 4\. Chromosomal | | | | translocation | | | | (jumping genes) | | | | | | | | - - | | | | | | | | 5\. Nondisjunction → | | | | stillbirth | | | | | | | | 6\. Aneuploidy → | | | | caused by | | | | nondisjunction | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Effects** | \- may result in | Chromosomal deletion | | | different amino acid | → occurs due to | | | being inserted into | exposure to high | | | the polypeptide → | heat, viruses or | | | thus diff gene | radiation → results | | | | in reduction in | | | \- may form a new | number of genes in | | | allele | chromosome | | | | | | | | Chromosomal insertion | | | | → increases number of | | | | genes on chromosome, | | | | position and size | | | | determines if | | | | mutation has | | | | phenotypic effect | | | | | | | | Chromosomal inversion | | | | | | | | Chromosomal | | | | translocation | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Example** | Sickle Cell Anaemia | Huntington's chorea | | | | and fragile | | | - - - - | X-syndrome → linked | | | | to chromosomal | | | | duplications | | | | | | | | Haemophilia → cause | | | | of chromosomal | | | | inversion on factor | | | | VII gene on X | | | | chromosome | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ Aneuploidy - - - - **How to categorise mutation?** - - - - - - - - - **What is the difference between somatic mutation and germ-line mutations & its effect on organisms?** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Somatic mutations | Germline mutation | +===================================+===================================+ | - - - - - | - - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - | - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Are coding and noncoding DNA segments significant in the process of mutation? (+ judgement and explain)** - 1. 2. 3. - - - - **What are the causes of genetic variation relating to the process of fertilisation, meiosis and mutation + provide examples?** - - - - - - - - 1. 2. 3. - - **What is the effect of mutation, gene flow and genetic drift on the gene pool of populations + judgement?** - - - **Biotechnology** Inquiry question: How do genetic techniques affect Earth's biodiversity? investigate the uses and applications of biotechnology (past, present and future), including: -- analysing the social implications and ethical uses of biotechnology, including plant and animal examples -- researching future directions of the use of biotechnology -- evaluating the potential benefits for society of research using genetic technologies -- evaluating the changes to the Earth's biodiversity due to genetic techniques **Biotechnology**- any tech that exploits biological systems or living organisms for using in medicine, agriculture or industry **Social Implications:** - - 1. 2. 3. 4. **Ethical Frameworks:** 1. 2. 3. 4. **Bioethics**: - - - - - - - - - - **What are the uses and applications of biotechnology (past, present and future)?** **PAST-** - **What is some ancient biotech?** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **What is some classical biotechnology? (1800s to mid-20th century)** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **PRESENT-** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **APPLICATIONS OF MODERN BIOTECH AND SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Gene** **therapy** - - - - **FUTURE-** - - - - - **What are the social implications and ethical uses of biotech (plant + animal examples)?** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **What are the future plans of biotech?** - - - - - **What are the potential benefits/cons for society of research using genetic tech (+judgement)?** - - - - - - - - - **What are the changes to the Earth's biodiversity due to genetic tech (pros and cons +judgement)?** - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Genetic** **Technologies** Inquiry question: Does artificial manipulation of DNA have the potential to change populations forever? investigate the uses and advantages of current genetic technologies that induce genetic change compare the processes and outcomes of reproductive technologies, including but not limited to: -- artificial insemination -- artificial pollination investigate and assess the effectiveness of cloning, including but not limited to: -- whole organism cloning -- gene cloning describe techniques and applications used in recombinant DNA technology, for example: -- the development of transgenic organisms in agricultural and medical applications evaluate the benefits of using genetic technologies in agricultural, medical and industrial applications evaluate the effect on biodiversity of using biotechnology in agriculture interpret a range of secondary sources to assess the influence of social, economic and cultural contexts on a range of biotechnologies **Number of copies → 2^n^ → n = number of cycles** ***[PROCESSES & OUTCOMES OF REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES:]*** ***AIM OF REPRODUCTIVE TECH*** - 1. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3. - - - - a. b. c. - - d. - - - - 1. 2. - 3. - - 4. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ***[CLONING:]*** **What is the point of cloning?** - - **What are the types of cloning?** - - - - - - - **GENE CLONING:** **How does gene cloning work?** - **What is an example of gene cloning?** - **What are the steps to gene cloning?** 1. 2. 3. 4. **What is PCR?** - - - - - - - 1. - 2. - 3. -  **WHOLE ORGANISM CLONING**: **What was the first example of whole organism cloning?** - - - - - - - - **What is more information on whole organism cloning?** - - - - **Where is cloning most used?** - - - **What are the types of whole organism cloning techniques?** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **What are the ethical issues in cloning?** - - - - - **How does cloning alter the genetic composition of a population?** - - - - ***[RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGIES]*** **What is the aim of recombinant DNA tech?** - **What does this process involve?** - - - **What are the specific steps?** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. **How can you deliver the gene?** 1. - - 2. - 3. - 4. - - - - **What is gene therapy?** - - - - **What is a transgenic species?** - - **What are transgenic species created by?** - - **Is transgenic species considered a reproductive technology?** - - **What is an agricultural example of a transgenic species?** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Why cannot the caterpillars gain resistance to this?** - - - - - - **What are medicinal uses of transgenic organisms?** - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1. 2. 3. - - - - - - - - - - ***[CURRENT GENETIC TECH INDUCING GENETIC CHANGE:]*** Use and advantage Hybridisation Selective breeding Artificial pollination Artificial insemination Transgenic species Gene cloning Whole-organism cloning. ***[BENEFITS OF USING GENETIC TECH:]*** **What are the benefits of using genetic tech?** - - - **What is essential for the growing population?** - - **AGRICULTURAL BENEFITS** - - - - - - - - - - **MEDICAL BENEFITS** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **INDUSTRIAL BENEFITS** - - - - - - - - - - - ***[EFFECT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE:]*** **What is the effect of biotech in ag?** - - - - ***[SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL INFLUENCES ON BIOTECH:]*** **SOCIAL CONTEXT:** **What is social context?** - **How does social context influence biotech?** - - - - - - - - - - **ECONOMIC CONTEXT:** - - - - - - **CULTURAL CONTEXT:** - - - - - - - - Explain how mutagens cause mutations - - - -