Breeding and Hatchery Management of Giant Freshwater Prawn PDF

Republic of the Philippines Department of Agriculture BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES National Freshwater Technology Center CLSU Compound, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija Hatchery Management of Giant Freshwa...

Republic of the Philippines Department of Agriculture BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES National Freshwater Technology Center CLSU Compound, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija Hatchery Management of Giant Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man 1879)  Introduction  The giant freshwater prawn lacally known as ulang offers a good potential for aquaculture primarily because established techniques are available for larval rearing, the animal breeds under captivity, a relatively large size, and rapid growth rate  In 1961, Dr. S.W. Ling, pioneered in closing the cycle of this species in Penang, Malaysia, that larvae completed its development phase in brackishwater. TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION Kingdom Animalia - animals Phylum Arthropoda - insects, spiders, crustaceans etc. Subphylum Crustacea - crabs, lobsters, shrimp, etc. Class Malacostraca Order Decapoda Sub-order Pleocyemata Infraorder Caridea (or Natantia) Superfamily Palaemonoidea Family Palaemonidae Subfamily Palaemoninae Genus Macrobrachium Species Macrobrachium rosenbergii – giant river prawn BFAR-NFTC Biology of Macrobrachium rosenbergii Distribution  M. rosenbergii can be found in the tropical and sub-tropical waters in the Indo-Pacific region in Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Indonesia and Vietnam. BFAR-NFTC Biology of Macrobrachium rosenbergii They are generally found in freshwater in ponds, rivers, lakes, ditches, canals, low lying flood plains and river mouths. Can move upstream, entering lakes and even paddy fields, up to about 200km from the estuarine. BFAR-NFTC Biology and Reproduction In natural setting, berried females migrate downstream into brackishwater (estuarine) where eggs hatch as free- swimming larvae The planktonic larvae pass through 11 zoeal stages before reaching the post- larval stage After metamorphosis, Post- Larvae (PL) begin to migrate upstream towards freshwater. BFAR-NFTC Differentiation Between Freshwater Prawn and Marine Shrimp In freshwater prawn, the second abdominal pleuron overlaps the first and third pleura. On marine shrimp, the second pleuron overlaps only the third pleuron and is itself overlap by the first. BFAR-NFTC Feeding Habits The natural food preference of giant freshwater prawns depends on their age. Larvae o Carnivorous: feeding primarily on zooplankton (especially small crustaceans), o Diurnal: feeding actively during daylight hours. Juvenile & Adult o Omnivorous: feeding on algae, aquatic plants, mollusks, aquatic insects, worms, and other crustaceans o Nocturnal: actively feeding during night BFAR-NFTC Body Parts BFAR-NFTC Life cycle - There are four stages in the life of a freshwater prawn. The life cycle of a caridean prawn adopted from Forster and Wickins, 1972 and presented in New and Singholka, 1985. 1.) egg 2.) larva 3.) juvenile 4.) Adult  BFAR-NFTC Sex Identification Mature male prawns are considerably larger than the females and the second walking leg is much larger. The head of the male is also proportionally bigger. The genital pores of the male are between the bases of the 5th pair of walking legs. The female genital pore can be found in between the 3rd pair of walking legs Male Female BFAR-NFTC Sex Identification BFAR-NFTC LIFE CYCLE OF GIANT FRSHWATER PRAWN eggs larvae adult Post juvenile larvae BFAR-NFTC BFAR-NFTC Gonad Development Stage 3 Maturing – Ovary occupies more than three fourths of the length of the carapace cavity andis light orange in color. Stage 4 Ripe – Ovary occupies entire carapace cavity and is dark orange in color BFAR-NFTC Mating Behavior A female prawn, with matured gonad, copulates just after moulting (pre mating moult) with a male prawn having a hard shell. During copulation, the male deposits a gelatinous mass, or spermatophore, on the underside of the thorax of the female, between her third pair of walking legs. Molting/Ecdysis BFAR-NFTC Courting Mating BFAR-NFTC  Mature Female Egg Orange Coloration Eggs Gray Eggs Yellow Eggs BFAR-NFTC Mating Behaviour A fully matured female of 50-100 grams can carry 50,000-100,000 eggs, respectively. But at first maturity, due to the female's small size, it lays only 5,000-20,000 eggs. A berried female prawn usually produces 1,000 larvae per gram BFAR-NFTC Newly hatch larvae BFAR-NFTC Larval Stages Newly hatched prawns passes into a larval development phase of growth by means of metamorphosis. Appendix 2 shows the different larval stages and its prominent characteristics. KEY TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE DIFFERENT LARVAL STAGES OF Macrobrachium rosenbergii Larval Age (days) Indicative characters Stage I 1 Sessile eyes II 2 Stalked eyes III 3-4 Uropods present IV 4-6 2 dorsal teeth, uropods biramous V 5-8 Telson narrows VI 7-10 Pleopod buds present VII 11-17 Pleopods biramous VIII 13-20 Pleopods with setae IX 15-22 Pleopod endopods with appendices internae X 17-23 3-4 more dorsal teeth XI 23-35 Many teeth covering half of upper rostrum PL 23-40 Teeth on both sides of rostrum, adult behaviour  BFAR-NFTC Postlarvae Larvae in a hatchery take a minimum of 20 days to a maximum of 45 days to metamorphose into post-larvae (PL). BFAR-NFTC I. Hatchery Building and tanks - It is a major important facility where prawn larvae are hatched and reared in tanks of water which are set up to imitate the environment of the prawn larvae in the wild, together with tanks for maintenance of larval rearing, nursery of PL’s and conditioning of broodstck. Larval rearing tanks Nursery/conditioning tanks BFAR-NFTC II. Hatchery Facilities and Equipment Important factors to be considered for the establishment of Prawn Hatchery:  Water supply  Power supply  Air supply  Back – up generator set  Adequacy of drainage  Availability of skilled labor force  There should be a good road network for convenient transport of inputs and products BFAR-NFTC II. Facilities and Equipments a. Larval Rearing Tanks (LRT) Plastic drums IBC container Fiberglass Note: Galvanized steel and bare concrete must be avoided because it may contain copper and zinc that are toxic to larval prawns  BFAR-NFTC II. Facilities and Equipments b. Nursery/conditioning Tanks - are required for holding and conditioning of post larvae to further increase in size and hardiness prior for dispersal - It can also used for holding Ulang breeders.  II. Facilities and Building Equipments c. Breeding pond (100 m2) Breeding tanks 2 x 2 x 0.5 m2 BFAR-NFTC II. Facilities and Equipments d. Water storage tanks Note: Concrete tanks must be coated with several layers of epoxy-resin to prevent harmful chemicals leaching out from the concrete. BFAR-NFTC II. Facilities and Equipments e. Power supply Power is required for Generator set lighting, heating water, aerators and water pumps. Back-up generator is needed in Double through switch case of power failure. BFAR-NFTC II. Facilities and Equipments f. Air System and supply – A vigorous supply of air is essential in all tanks (larval tank, Artemia room, and breeding/spawing tanks to keep the optimum dissolved oxygen (DO2) levels (>5 ppm). Rotational use of 2 air blowers BFAR-NFTC III. Materials and Equipments Minimum natural light is Artificial lighting of essential for good larval 1,000-2,000 lux is survival. necessary for hatching of Artemia  Materials and Equipments g. Miscellaneous materials and equipments – are essential in every hatchery. These include buckets,, weighing scale, nets, tools, nylon and cloth weighing Microscope tally counter tally counter mesh, brushes, flexible air tube, balance airstones, heaters and others. scoop net siphon/air hose Heater tubs/basin airstone  Broodstocks Development Purchase of wild- catched adult ulang Breeding/spawning to produce PL Growing of produced PL in ponds Selection of broodstocks Source of wild Matured broodstocks from Bulacan to Upper Pampanga river BFAR-NFTC Broodstock Development  Selection of Broodstocks Selection of good quality matured male and females after 6 months culture period  Broodstocks Development  Selection of Ulang breeders Healthy breeders  Disease free  Largest male and female  Strong and active  Bright coloured  With complete body parts  Broodstock Management  Selected male and female breeders are condition in tanks for at least 2 weeks prior for breeding  Broodstock Management  Pairing of breeders (Reciprocal mating of line-1 &line-2) Male Females Stocking rate: Pond = 1-2 pcs/m² Tank = 3-4 pcs/m²  BFAR-NFTC Broodstock Management  Feeds and feeding Prawn breeders should be fed with pelleted feed with 35-40% crude protein Feeding rate - 3-5% total biomass about 2-3 times of feeding per day This will promote egg development leading to good egg-yolk quality, embryo development and a healthy larvae. Feeds and Feeding Non-conventional foods can be provided as supplemental food for ulang juveniles and adults on the 3rd and 4th month of culture period steamed Cooked Squid and and liver chopped chicken or fish entrails and ox Cooked skin Freshwater Fermented Coconut Mussel (Sulib) Steamed Cassava Cooked Golden Snails (Kuhol) Rotten Carrots Fermented or cooked Rotten Banana Grains/Legumes like corn and beans Larval Rearing Operation  BFAR-NFTC Cleaning and Disinfection of facility, equipment and parephernalia  All tanks/container, equipment and materials are clean with soap and wash thoroughly.  Dip with 200 ppm chlorine solution (0.3 g Calcium Hypochlorite/Liter water) for 1 hour.  Rinse thoroughly, and air/sun dry for at least 24-48 hrs.  BFAR-NFTC Preparation and Disinfection of Brackishwater Seawater + freshwater  Preparation of brackish water by mixing seawater and freshwater together in the mixing tank to achieve a salinity of 12 ppt (measured with a refractometer)  Water used in the mixing tank should be filtered to at least 5 micron.  Disinfect the brackishwater with 5ppm of chlorine solution (7 ml liquid bleach/100L)  Provide vigorous aeration in brackishwater for 24- Brackishwater 48 prior to use.  BFAR-NFTC B. Preparation Brackishwater Formula for 1 cubic meter of Artificial brackishwater (± 12 ppt) SALT COMPOUNDS QUANTITY (g) Sodium chloride (NaCl) 9,200 Magnesium sulphate 2,300 (MgSO4) Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) 1,800 NOTE: Calcium chloride (CaCl2) 467  Weigh and dilute the salts individually with filtered freshwater. Potassium chloride (KCl) 200  Add the resulting solutions to a tank in the order shown Sodium bicarbonate 67 above, and mix thoroughly using a stirrer. (NaHCO3)  Maintain the final solution under strong aeration for 24-48 hours and adjust the salinity again to 12 ppt, if necessary. Potassium bromide (KBr) 9 Source: Valenti and Daniels, 2000  Water treatment 1. Provide vigorous aeration Brackishwater 3. Transfer to elevated IBC tank with UV light 2. Pass through in physical filter BFAR-NFTC Collection of Berried Ulang  Berried Ulang can be collected after 16 – 18 days from stocking in the breeding pond  Orange eggs will take 2 weeks to hatch while gray or brownish eggs will hatch in 2-3 days, hatching usually at occurred in midnight to early morning  Transport of Broodstock  Ulang breeders can be transported in buckets/tubs if the pond is near to the hatchery.  For long journey(2-4 hrs), berried can be transported in open containers using aerator or industrial oxygen tank.  Long distance transport (12-15 hrs) or more is usually done in doubled oxygenated polyethylene (plastic) bags at 2-5 prawns/bag. The rostrum of each prawn should be blunted with scissors or inserted with plastic tubing. BFAR-NFTC Disinfection of Breeders Collected breeders should be treated or disinfected before they are place into the conditioning tanks. Bath the breeders in 15 ppt saline solution (15g salt/L) for 10-15 minutes with strong aeration. Rinse the broodstocks thoroughly and stock in tanks BFAR-NFTC Disinfection of Berried Female Collected berried females should be treated or disinfected before they are place into the spawning tanks. Bath the breeders in 5 ppm povidone iodine solution(10 drops betadine/10L water) for 2-3 minutes with strong aeration. Rinse the broodstock thoroughly and stock in the spawning tank w/ brackishwater  BFAR-NFTC How to prepare disinfectant solution Formula: A = B x C ÷ D Where: A = quantity of needed disinfectant B = strength of solution required in ppm C = quantity of solution needed in ml D = strength (active chlorine/iodine) in disinfectant in ppm  BFAR-NFTC Preparation of 5ppm iodine solution Formula: A = B x C ÷ D Where: A = quantity of needed disinfectant (Betadine) B = strength of solution required in ppm (5 ppm) C = quantity of solution needed in ml (10 L= 10,000 ml) D = strength (active chlorine/iodine) in disinfectant in ppm Betadine has 10% povidone iodine (100,000 ppm) BFAR-NFTC Stocking of Berried females in tanks/container  Gray berried (10ppt brackishwater)  Orange berried (5ppt brackishwater)  Stocking rate: 5-7 pcs/m2. BFAR-NFTC Care and Maintenance of Berried  Regular water replenishment and siphoning of debris is required to maintain good water quality.  Fed with high crude protein feeds for better egg development and hatchability o - Commercial/farm made feeds o - Mussels/snails o - Squid/liver BFAR-NFTC Disinfection of newly hatched larvae - collection is done early in the morning using 250 microns scoop net - Collected larvae should be disinfect in 3ppm povidone iodine solution (6 drops/10L) with strong aeration for 10-15 minutes. - Stock the larvae in larval rearing tanks (>7,000 larvae/100L volume capacity LRT)  BFAR-NFTC Sampling of newly hatched larvae Example: Water volume = 4 liters Sample volume = 10 ml Number of larvae: 1st sample = 41 2nd sample = 37 3rd sample = 39 total: 117 ÷ 3 = 39 larvae/10ml Estimated total number of larvae: = 39larvae x 1 000 ml x 4 Li 10ml 1 Li = 15,600 larvae  BFAR-NFTC XIV. Stocking of larvae in the rearing tank  Collected larvae are stocked in higher density first (at 150-200 larvae/Liter) to permit more efficient feeding (larvae are closer to the feed)  Add water medium in a daily basis( at 7- 10 Li/day) to decrease the stocking rate up to 70 larvae/Li TIP Notes: Be sure that the larval tank contains larvae of the same age to reduce cannibalism. LRT w/ 100 L water volume capacity can be stocked with 7,000 larvae  BFAR-NFTC Routinary Activities 1. Feeds and feeding of larvae Brine shrimp nuplii Artemia - the most preferred live food given to prawn larvae throughout the larval rearing cycle Formulated egg custard - Supplementary feed to larvae beginning on the 10th day of larval rearing up to post- larval stage  BFAR-NFTC Hatching of Artemia 1. Decapsulation - hydrate the cyst in freshwater for 1hr aeration (50g/L); - wash in tap water; - disinfect with 200-250 ppm chlorine solution(3 ml liquid bleach/L) for 10-15 minutes with aeration; then - wash thoroughly in tap water 2. Incubation - incubate in the hatching jar with 25-30 ppt (as prescribed in the container) water salinity for 24-36 hrs.(1-2g cyst /L) Decapsulated Artemia eggs should be stored in the refrigerator conditions for future use BFAR-NFTC 3. Computation for Artemia cyst requirement Given: Daily Feed Requirement (DFR): 10,000 Brine shrimp nuplii (BSN) /Liter/Day 1 gram of artemia cyst = 250,000 cyst 80 % Hatchability rate = 200,000 BSN Example: Larvae Rearing Tank (LRT) = 10 pcs Water volume capacity = 100 L per LRT DFR = 10 LRT x 100 L x 10,000 BSN = 10 Million BSN / day Artemia cysts requirement = 10 Million BSN/day (DFR) 200,000 BSN (80% HR) = 50 g/day BFAR-NFTC 4. Formulated Egg Custard Supplementary food for larvae stage VII and above feeding will start on the 11th day of larval rearing Ingredients: (Good for 10,000 pcs postlarvae) 2 pcs fresh eggs 30 g steamed liver or squid 10 g skimmed milk 3 g agar powder 1 g lecithin 1 g fish oil BFAR-NFTC 5. Feeds and feeding  Feeding of egg custard depends on the consumption of the larvae and must be observed carefully, over feeding may cause deterioration of water media. Immediately siphon uneaten custard after an hour of feeding BFAR-NFTC 6. Feeding Scheme 1-10 I to VI Artemia Artemia Artemia Artemia 11-20 VII to VIII Egg custard Artemia Artemia Artemia 21-30 IX to PL Egg custard Artemia Egg custard Artemia 31-35 PL1 to PL5 Egg custard Moina Egg custard Artemia  BFAR-NFTC A. Monitoring of larvae The presence of food and condition of larvae in tanks must always be observed using white plate material. Larvae exhibiting schooling behavior on the surface of water and actively feeding/swimming are good indicators that the larvae are in good condition.  BFAR-NFTC B. Monitoring of larvae  The progress and development of larvae can be observed accurately by microscopic examination  APGAR Method – is a method of scoring technique to determine the condition of M. rosenbergii larvae developed by Tayamen & Brown, 1998 BFAR-NFTC APGAR index Condition index for evaluating the quality of Macrobrachium rosenbergii Criteria to check 0 1 2 1 Gut fullness Gut empty Gut moderately full Full gut w/ feacal strands 2 Gut Lipid content No lipid, globules Very small globules Globules in the digestive (state of hepatopancreas) presence visible in the digestive gland visibly full gland 3 Body Coloration Fully contracted chromatic Moderate Well dispersed associated w/ dark bluish chromatophores in one chromatophores w/ colouration area w/ light orange amber/red/tan pigments 4 Pigmentation Grey/dark bluish Grey/dark bluish Tan/orange blend (state of appearance on abdominal moderate appearance appearance on chromatophores) segment on abdominal segment abdominal segment 5 Setation Disfigured/damaged setae Curled/kinked/bent Straight/whole setae on on rostrum, pereopods, setae on rostrum, rostrum, pereopods, telson and uropods pereopods, telson and telson and uropods uropods 6 Muscle to Gut ratio Gut appear wide, muscle Gut appear narrow, Gut appear narrow and thin in VI segment slightly wider muscle in muscle appear thick and VI segment wider in VI abdominal segment BFAR-NFTC APGAR index C. Explanatory Glossary for Condition Index Criteria to check 0 1 2 7 Muscle Appearance of Opaque/grainy Slightly transparent Clear/transparent/s Abdomen mooth 8 Melanization (presence Appendages and body Very minor necrosis No necrosis; of black spot) parts affected absence of protozoans 9 Fouling Organism Major parts of the body Minor parts of body Body clean; affected affected absence of protozoans 10 Swimming Behaviour Sluggish/circular Moderate movement Very active tail first motion/eratic movement with head upside lateral motion/jump down like toward the side Score ratings: 0 = poor 1 = fair 2 = excellent BFAR-NFTC D. Key for identification of larval stages of Giant Freshwater prawn M. Rosenbergii Larval Age Characteristics Pictures (Stage) (Days) I 1 Sessile eyes II 2 Stalked eyes BFAR-NFTC Key for identification of larval stages of Giant Freshwater prawn M. Rosenbergii Larval Age Characteristics Pictures (Stage) (Days) III 3-4 Uropods appear IV 4-6 Two dorsal teeth on rostrum BFAR-NFTC Key for identification of larval stages of Giant Freshwater prawn M. Rosenbergii Larval Age Characteristics Pictures (Stage) (Days) V 5-8 Telson narrower and elongated VI 7-8 Pleopod buds appear BFAR-NFTC Key for identification of larval stages of Giant Freshwater prawn M. Rosenbergii Larval Age Characteristics Pictures (Stage) (Days) VII 11-17 Pleopods biramous and bare VIII 14-19 Pleopods with setae BFAR-NFTC Key for identification of larval stages of Giant Freshwater prawn M. Rosenbergii Larval Age Characteristic Pictures (Stage) (Days) s IX 15-22 Endopods of pleopods with appendices internae X 17-24 3 - 4 dorsal teeth on rostrum BFAR-NFTC Key for identification of larval stages of Giant Freshwater prawn M. Rosenbergii Larval Age Characteristics Pictures (Stage) (Days) XI 19-26 Teeth on half of upperdorsal margin Post- 23-27 Now benthic, swims forwards larvae with dorsal side uppermost. Teeth on upper and lower margin of rostrum (also behavioural changes, mainly in swimming) BFAR-NFTC E. Monitoring of Water Quality Parameters Ideal water parameters for larval rearing:  Salinity = 12 ppt  Temperature = 28-31 0C  pH = 7 – 8.5  Ammonia (NH3/ NH4+ )= < 0.25 ppm  Nitrite (NO2-) = 0.1 ppm of (NH3).  Dissolved Oxygen = 5-7 ppm F. Biosecurity Provision of foot bath, enclosed hatchery facilities Proper Hygiene - disinfection of hatchery materials and paraphernalias. Monitoring of bacterial deseases such as Vibrio, Bacillus, Aeromonas, and enterobacter species. Health condition using APGAR method Close monitoring of water quality parameters  BFAR-NFTC Routinary Activities G. Cleaning & water replenishment  First 6 days, siphoning of dirt and uneaten feeds  Water replenishment starts on the 7th day of larval rearing period. 30-40% - day 7 onwards If water condition deteriorates, or the movements of the larvae become weak, then 70- 80% of the rearing water shall be changed. Tip Notes: Gradually add or change the water media with the same temperature to prevent sudden change in temperature that may cause shock, even a difference of 1oC, will cause stress and delayed mortalities of the larvae  BFAR-NFTC XIX. Acclimation of Post-larvae from Brackishwater to Freshwater  The first PL appearance is usually observed 17 days after hatching under favorable condition.  Expect 90% of the larvae last metamorphosis to PL within the next 10 days.  Postlarvae1can be orserved staying at the bottom or cling in the side of the tanks.  Acclimation of Post-larvae from Brackishwater to Freshwater S 12 A 10 L 8 I 6 N 4 I 2 T 0 Y day 1 day 2 day 3 day 4 day 5 day 6 (ppt)  Once the batch of larvae last metamorphose to PL (90%) these are gradually acclimated to freshwater  Freshwater should be added gradually, so that salinity eventually decreases at 2 ppt per day within 5-6 days at 0 salinity  XXI. Nursery Management of Post-larvae  PL-5 from larval rearing tanks should be transferred into a nursery tank with large bottom surface area to further increase in size and hardiness before dispersal.  Stocking density of 2,500-3,000 pcs post-larvae/m3 is recommended. BFAR-NFTC Nursery Management of Post-larvae  Provision of artificial shelter (substrate) is paramount to reduce cannibalism.  Recycled nets and plastic maretials, can be use as artificial shelter of post-larvae. BFAR-NFTC Nursery Management of Post-larvae  Feeds and Feeding  Post-larvae (PL5 to PL15) can be fed with a commercially available diet, dried baby brine shrimp, fry mash/booster or farm-made aquafeed containing a high level of crude protein 35-40% CP  Feeding schedule is 3 times a day.  Provision of Non-conventional diets such as minced and cooked freshwater mussels and snail meat can be provided to PL. BFAR-NFTC Thank you for listening!