5G Chapter 1 PDF

Chapter 1 – Introduction to 5G and AIoT What is 5G? “5G is an end-to-end ecosystem to enable a fully mobile and connected society. It empowers value creation towards customers and partners, through existing and emerging use cases, delivered with consistent experience, and enabled by sustainable busi...

Chapter 1 – Introduction to 5G and AIoT What is 5G? “5G is an end-to-end ecosystem to enable a fully mobile and connected society. It empowers value creation towards customers and partners, through existing and emerging use cases, delivered with consistent experience, and enabled by sustainable business models” – NGMN (Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance) “5G enables technologies such as AI, Digital Twin, Augmented and Extended Reality to seamlessly work together, key for business at the forefront of digital transformation and providing consumers with a better-quality experience” – IMDA (Infocom Media Development Authority) Lecture Notes: - NGMN is a mobile telecommunications association of mobile operators, vendors, manufacturers, and research institutes. - IMDA is a statutory board under the Singapore Ministry of Communications and Information (MCI). It manages frequency allocation and assignment for commercial and government spectrum usage per IMDA regulations. YouTube Video – 5G Explained in 7 Minutes Key Points: 1. Any information sent or received in a network is carried through the air with the help of radio frequencies. 5G carries information faster using higher radio frequencies. 2. 5G utilizes multiple input and output antennas to avoid physical objects like buildings and trees coming in the way of communication further. 3. 5G consists of two main components, the radio access network, and the core network. - Radio Access Network: Includes small cells, macro cell towers, and home systems connecting users to the core network. o Macro Cells: Use multiple antennas to send and receive large data volumes simultaneously, with small cells complementing macro cells. - Core Network: Manages internet and data connections, designed for efficient internet integration, and supports advanced features like network function virtualization and network slicing. o Network Slicing: Divides the network into slices for specific businesses or industries (e.g., emergency services operate independently from virtual reality or business). 4. 5G will enable connecting more IoT devices and with less latency than 4G. 5. 5G revolutionizes public safety. 6. The gaming market will also further expand with the advancement of 5G. 7. 5G deployment is prevents companies from going out of business through improved connectivity and efficiency. YouTube Video – Voices of early 5G consumers Key points: 1. The world is becoming more enjoyable with the development of these new types of service. - Users want to see better 5G coverage, particularly in underground and densely populated areas. - They anticipate improved performance and speed, leading to more diverse future services. - Users envision 5G being applied to TV and computer applications as well, increasing convenience. 2. If 5G network becomes more widespread, we can reach out to people and get things done more quickly when travelling overseas. 3. Each evolution in mobile telecommunication has driven innovation. YouTube Video – This is 5G for consumers Key points: 1. Ericsson has been leading the way in wireless communications technologies. 2. Beyond just another G, 5G: - Ensures high-speed connections for everyone, always. - Fast and uninterrupted sharing, streaming, and browsing so that you will never have to fight for data, no matter the competition. 3. But it is not all about speed, 5G reduces latency to a minimum, making delays virtually impossible to perceive. - It means elevating reality even further. - It means fiber-like speeds without fiber, accessible to everyone, everywhere. 4. With network slicing technology, every connected service can get its own, unique part of a 5G network. - It means connecting vehicles to get there both faster and safer. - It means protecting vulnerable road users, detecting accidents before they happen 5. With Ericsson’s leading 5G technology paving the way, the full potential of connectivity is becoming reality. Road Map to 5G 1G – 1980s Analogue voice 2G – 1990s Digital voice SMS 3G – 2000s SMS MMS www 4G – 2010s Mobile Broadband LTE for faster data transmission Fully IP enabled 5G – 2020s Drives services and applications Defining use cases Industrial Transformation (i4.0) IoT AR/VR,etc Lecture Notes: 1980s: Commercialization of mobile phones began with analogue voice calls. 1990s: Introduction of digital voice and SMS by Nokia on 2G networks. Early 2000s: Launch of 3G by NTT DoCoMo in Japan, enabling multimedia messaging and mobile internet browsing, but adoption was slow due to high costs and limited coverage. Mid-2000s: Rise of smartphones increased demand for 3G, leading to network expansions. However, 3G struggled with data-intensive applications. Early 2010s: 4G revolutionized mobile communications with cloud computing and HD video streaming. Carriers faced challenges in maintaining reliable networks amid soaring data consumption. 2015 Onwards: Emergence of 5G, with commercial launches in the US, China, and South Korea. 5G aims to transform various aspects of life, supporting advancements in AI and IoT, and reshaping interaction and communication. 5G Global Trends 5G is driven by Services and Applications. Applications and Services 1G Analog voice 2G Digital voice SMS 3G Web Data Emails 4G MBB (Mobile Broadband) Video Social Media 5G eMBB (Enhanced Mobile Broadband) IoT AI AR VR Distributed Cloud Apps Lecture Notes: Each generation of mobile networks has expanded functionality and capacity. 1G: Introduced analogue voice. 2G: Integrated digital voice and SMS texting. 3G: Brought mobile broadband, enabling email, web browsing, and streaming on early smartphones. 4G: Enhanced mobile broadband speed, accommodating the surge in social media usage. Now, 5G: Revolutionizes mobile broadband, allowing devices to connect directly to the network. It supports AI, AR/VR, and IoT applications. The global adoption of 5G is driven by the demand for these innovative applications and services. YouTube Video – Benefits of 5G for Rural America Key Points: 1. 5G will transform not only urban areas but also rural America. 2. GSMA represents the interests of over 750 operators worldwide. 3. Patients will have access to quality healthcare without needing to drive hundreds of miles. 4. The elderly and chronically sick can use mobile-enabled wearables and IoT devices for real- time health and home care monitoring. 5. Students in remote areas will benefit from improved data access and learning tools, enhanced by augmented and virtual reality connected to robust 5G networks. 6. 5G will have a significant impact on folks in agriculture as well - Mobile IoT will result in increased crop yield and quality and improves livestock management. - Through enhanced monitoring of soil and weather conditions, farmers will be able to refine their use of pesticides and fertilizers and improve how they care for their animals - Remotely operated drones and equipment for crop spraying, land management, and surveillance, enabled by 5G’s increased bandwidth and low latency. 7. Innovators across the country, especially in rural areas, should have access to 5G technology. 8. The combination of T-Mobile and Sprint aims to deploy the first truly transformational 5G network throughout the US, from big cities to rural areas. 5G Wireless Technology The fifth generation of mobile networking, known as 5G, is defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Release 15 onwards and must meet the International Mobile Telecommunications-2020 (IMT-2020) requirements set by the International Telecommunication Union Radio communication Sector (ITU-R). That addresses three key areas and puts it into four different usage scenarios: 1. Enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB): a. Mobile Broadband i. Mobility ii. High data rate b. Dense crowd of user i. High data rate ii. High capacity 2. Massive machine type communication (mMTC) a. IoT sensor network i. High volume of devices ii. Battery life 3. Ultra-reliable and low latency communication (URLLC) a. IoT control network i. Low latency ii. High reliability Lecture Notes: 3GPP: A collection of standards organizations developing and maintaining global mobile communication standards, including GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, HSPA, LTE, and 5G. It defines protocols and specifications for mobile telecommunications. ITU-R: Oversees the management and regulation of international radio-frequency spectrum and satellite orbits. It sets guidelines and requirements for 3GPP to follow, ensuring efficient spectrum use. At the World Radio Communication Conferences in October 2015, ITU-R sanctioned 5G research, designating it as "IMT-2020". ITU-R identified three primary use cases for IMT-2020/5G: Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC), and Ultra Reliable and Low Latency Communication (URLLC). E.g., eMBB, Phase 1 of 5G, integrated into 3GPP Release-15, focused on faster mobile communication with NSA (non-standalone) and SA (standalone) elements based on LTE-Advanced Pro. Phase 2, covered by the evolving 3GPP Rel-16 standard, addresses connections required for environments with heavy IoT device usage, such as smart cities (mMTC) and applications demanding reliability and low latency, like self-driving cars (URLLC). Although initially slated for completion in December 2019, the completion of Rel-16 has been postponed by three months. Usage scenarios of IMT-2020 and beyond 5G technology is designed to benefit both businesses and consumers, unlocking a wide range of opportunities across various sectors. Lecture Notes: The figure depicts use cases and services in three key areas: - High Density: IoT devices, Smart Cities - Low Latency/High Threshold: AR/VR, Self-driving cars - High Bandwidth: FWA, 4K content delivery, 3D video These scenarios illustrate 5G's diverse impacts on enterprises and consumers. Advancements include self-driving cars, smart homes, augmented reality, Ultra-HD, and 3D entertainment for consumers. 5G-enabled smart cities, industries, farms, and offices offer numerous economic opportunities. 5G Technology Summary 5G is the 5th generation of the cellular network technology. Spectrum Usage: 1. Lower-bands ( Multiple Stakeholders 2. Phone -> Things 3. Procedures -> Services 4. Static Topology -> On-demand Resources 5. Dedicated Hardware -> Orchestrated Resources 6. Dedicated Network -> Network Function Virtualization (NFV) Difference in performance: 1. Data Rates: 10-100x improvement (up to 10 Gbps per connection). 2. Latency: 30-50x improvement (