CIE A Level Chemistry 5.2 Hess’s Law PDF

Head to www.savemyexams.com for more awesome resources CIE A Level Chemistry Your notes 5.2 Hess’s Law Contents Hess’s Law Page 1 of 10...

Head to www.savemyexams.com for more awesome resources CIE A Level Chemistry Your notes 5.2 Hess’s Law Contents Hess’s Law Page 1 of 10 © 2015-2024 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers  Head to www.savemyexams.com for more awesome resources Hess’s Law Your notes Hess Cycles Hess’s Law states that: "The total enthalpy change in a chemical reaction is independent of the route by which the chemical reaction takes place as long as the initial and final conditions are the same." This means that whether the reaction takes place in one or two steps, the total enthalpy change of the reaction will still be the same Illustration of Hess's Law According to Hess’ Law, the enthalpy change of the direct route, going from reactants (A+B) to product (C), is equal to the enthalpy change of the indirect routes Hess’ Law is used to calculate enthalpy changes which can’t be found experimentally using calorimetry, e.g.: 3C (s) + 4H2 (g) → C3H8(g) ΔHf (propane) can’t be found experimentally as hydrogen and carbon don’t react under standard conditions Calculating ΔHr from ΔHf using Hess’s Law energy cycles Page 2 of 10 © 2015-2024 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers  Head to www.savemyexams.com for more awesome resources The products can be directly formed from the elements = ΔH2 OR The products can be indirectly formed from the elements = ΔH1 + ΔHr Your notes Applying Hess's Law The enthalpy change from elements to products (direct route) is equal to the enthalpy change of elements forming reactants and then products (indirect route) Equation Δ H2 = Δ H1 + Δ Hr Therefore, Δ Hr = Δ H2 – ΔH1 Page 3 of 10 © 2015-2024 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers  Head to www.savemyexams.com for more awesome resources Worked example Your notes Calculate ΔHr for the following reaction: 2NaHCO3 (s) → Na2CO3 (s) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l) The table shows the standard enthalpy of formations, ΔHθf, relevant to this reaction. Δ Hθ f Molecule kJ mol-1 NaHCO3 (s) –950.8 Na2CO3 (s) –1130.7 CO2 (g) –393.5 H2O (l) –285.8 Answer Step 1: Write the balanced equation at the top Step 2: Draw the cycle with the elements at the bottom Step 3: Draw in all arrows, making sure they go in the correct directions. Write the standard enthalpy of formations Page 4 of 10 © 2015-2024 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers  Head to www.savemyexams.com for more awesome resources Your notes Step 4: Apply Hess’s Law: ΔHr = ΔH2 – ΔH1 ΔHr = ( ΔHf [Na2CO3 (s)] + ΔHf [CO2 (g)] + ΔHf [H2O (l)] ) – 2ΔHf [NaHCO3 (s)] ΔHr = ( (–1130.7) + (–393.5) + (–285.8) ) – ( 2 x –950.8) ΔHr = +91.6 kJ mol-1 Calculating ΔHf from ΔHc using Hess’s Law energy cycles The combustion products can be formed directly from elements to combustion products = ΔH1 OR The combustion products can be formed indirectly from elements to compounds to combustion products = ΔHf + ΔH2 Hess's Law and combustion enthalpies The enthalpy change going from elements to products (direct route) is equal to the enthalpy change of elements forming reactants and then products (indirect route) Equation Δ H1 = Δ Hf + Δ H2 Page 5 of 10 © 2015-2024 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers  Head to www.savemyexams.com for more awesome resources Therefore, Δ Hf = Δ H1 – Δ H2 Your notes Page 6 of 10 © 2015-2024 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers  Head to www.savemyexams.com for more awesome resources Worked example Your notes Calculate, using the standard enthalpy change of combustion values given, the enthalpy of formation of ethane. Δ Hc Reaction kJ mol-1 C (graphite) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) –393.5 H2 (g) + ½O2 (g) → H2O (l) –285.8 C2H6 (g) + 3½O2 (g) → 2CO2 (g) + 3H2O (l) –1559.7 Answer Step 1: Write the equation for the enthalpy change of formation at the top and add oxygen on both sides Step 2: Draw the cycle with the combustion products at the bottom Step 3: Draw all arrows in the correct direction Page 7 of 10 © 2015-2024 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers  Head to www.savemyexams.com for more awesome resources Your notes Step 4: Apply Hess’s Law: ΔHf = ΔH1 – ΔH2 ΔHf = ( (2 x –393.5) + (3 x –285.8) ) – ( –1559.7) ΔH = –84.7 kJ mol-1 f Calculating average bond energies using Hess's cycles Bond energies cannot be found directly so enthalpy cycles are used to find the average bond energy This can be done using enthalpy changes of atomisation and combustion or formation The enthalpy change of atomisation (ΔHθat ) is the enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous atoms is formed from its elements under standard conditions. E.g. ΔHθat [H2] relates to the equation: ½H2 (g) → H (g) Page 8 of 10 © 2015-2024 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers  Head to www.savemyexams.com for more awesome resources Worked example Your notes Calculate the average bond enthalpy of the C–H bond, using the relevant ΔHθf and ΔHθat values shown in the table. Energy kJ mol-1 ΔH θ f [CH4 (g)] –74.8 ΔHθat [½H2 (g)] +218 ΔHθat [C (graphite)] +717.7 Answer Step 1: Write down the equation for the dissociation of methane at the top Step 2: Write down the elements at the bottom Step 3: Draw all arrows in the correct direction Page 9 of 10 © 2015-2024 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers  Head to www.savemyexams.com for more awesome resources Your notes Step 4: Apply Hess’s Law: ΔH = ΔHθat – ΔHf ΔH = ( (+717.7) + (4 x 218) ) – ( –74.8) ΔH = +1664.5 kJ mol-1 f Step 5: Calculate the bond energy for one C–H bond There there are 4 C-H bonds in methane +1664. 5 Average bond enthalpy (C–H) = 4 Average bond enthalpy (C–H) = +416 kJ mol-1 (to 3 significant figures) Exam Tip Remember to take into account the number of moles of each reactant and product. For example, there are two moles of NaHCO3 (s) so the ΔHf value is multiplied by 2. Page 10 of 10 © 2015-2024 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers