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# Cell All living beings are composed of cells. **Cell Discovery:** In 1839, Theodor Schwann studied animal cells and published his cell theory, stating that the cell is the fundamental unit present in animals, plants, and other organisms. In the mid-19th century, Mathias Schleiden stated, "It is...

# Cell All living beings are composed of cells. **Cell Discovery:** In 1839, Theodor Schwann studied animal cells and published his cell theory, stating that the cell is the fundamental unit present in animals, plants, and other organisms. In the mid-19th century, Mathias Schleiden stated, "It is easy to perceive the vital processes of individual cells as the primary basis of life." **Cell Theory Postulates:** * The cell is the fundamental anatomical, functional, and structural unit of living organisms. * There are unicellular and multicellular organisms. * One cell originates from another cell. # Plasma Membrane The plasma membrane, also known as the cytoplasmic membrane, surrounds the cell and mediates interactions between the cell and its environment. * **Function:** * Separates the cell's internal environment from the external environment. * Regulates the flow of materials into and out of the cell. * Allows interaction with other cells. * Cells use DNA as hereditary material. * All cells contain cytoplasm. # Organic Biomolecules in Cells **Biomolecules:** crucial molecules for living organisms. * **Carbohydrates:** Sugars, starch, cellulose * **Lipids (or Fats):** * Energy-rich * Fatty consistency * Found in cell and nuclear membranes (phospholipids) * Each fat molecule has a glycerol and three fatty acids. * Energy reserve * **Proteins** * **Nucleic Acids** * **Water** # Carbohydrates * **Main Categories:** * **Monosaccharides:** Fructose, glucose, galactose * **Disaccharides:** Lactose, maltose, sucrose * **Polysaccharides:** Glycogen, starch, chitin, cellulose **Key Functions:** * **Primary Energy Source:** Carbohydrates are a primary energy source for the body. * **Storage:** Some carbohydrates, like starch and glycogen, serve as energy storage molecules. * **Structural Components:** Polysaccharides like cellulose form structural components of plant cell walls.