Introduction To Molbio Biology PDF

MOLECULAR SECOND SEMESTER 2023-24 INTRODUCTION TO MOLBIO BIOLOGY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY ribosomal RNA (rRNA)...

MOLECULAR SECOND SEMESTER 2023-24 INTRODUCTION TO MOLBIO BIOLOGY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transfer RNA (tRNA) & other small The study of biological phenomena at the molecular non-coding RNA (ncRNAs) level, in particular the study of the molecular structure such as microRNA (mIRNA) of DNA and the information it encodes, and the BASE PAIR biochemical basis of gene expression and its regulation. A purine and a pyrimidine nucleotide bound by hydrogen bonds MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS- use of molecular DNA: Adenine binds to thymine and guanine pairs techniques for the purposes of prevention, diagnosis cytosine and follow up or prognosis of disease and selection, RNA: uracil replaces thymine for base pairing optimization, and monitoring of therapies. GENES a. DNA A unit of DNA that specifies production of proteins and RNA molecules required for cellular function Deoxyribonucleic acid; a molecule that carries genetic EXONS: the coding region of a gene that will be information and is a double stranded polymer of expressed as proteins following translation nucleotides INTRONS: The noncoding region of gene, locked DNA+HISTONES = NUCLEOSOMES, size 11nM between exons, that will not be translated into proteins b. Nucleosomes ALLELE: 1 of the alternative versions of gene at a given Unit of chromatin consisting of nucleosome core location (locus) along a chromosome particles (146 base pairs of dsDNA) wound around a core - an individual inherits 2 alleles for each gene, 1 from of 8 histones proteins. each parent compacted together to form chromatin, 30nM a. HOMOZYGOUS: 2 Identical alleles (TT, tt) c. Chromatin b. HETEROZYGOUS: 2 different alleles (Tt, tT) Nuclear DNA and its associated structural proteins Phenotype d. Chromosome - The observable characteristics of an organism, including visible features and chemical and A highly-ordered structure of a single double-stranded behavioral characteristics DNA (dsDNA) molecule, compacted many times with the Genotype aid of structural DNA-binding protein. - Describes the organism’s allele/ genetic information - TT= homozygous dominant NUCLEIC ACIDS - Tt= Heterozygous Polymer made of nucleotide monomers - Tt= homozygous recessive NUCLEOTIDE: unit of nucleic acid, consisting of one GENE EXPRESSION chemical base (purine/pyrimidines) plus a sugar The process responsible for the flow of genetic molecule (deoxyribose or ribose) and at least one information from the gene to protein phosphate group Transcription (DNA to mRNA) DNA RNA Translation (mRNA to protein) Usually double-stranded Usually single stranded Bases include: purines Bases include; purines CHROMOSOMES (adenine &guanine) and (adenine &guanine) and Thread-like structures compose of DNA & proteins that pyrimidines (cytosine & pyrimidines (cytosine & uracil) carries genetic information thymine) Telomeres: used in detecting the presence of Deoxyribose as the sugar Ribose as the sugar moiety chromosomal activities moiety LOCATION: nucleus of a cell Length is quite large Length is short consisting of FUNCTION: responsible for transmitting genetic consisting of millions or only few thousand nucleotides information from one generation to the next nucleotides AUTOSOMES: non-sex chromosomes, 22 pairs Occurs only in one form Functional types: messenger (chromosome 1-22) in the somatic human genome, in an organism (coding) RNA- mRNA, determine the somatic characteristics of an individual 1|Page PB: ALBORES, MIA FLOR J.  MOLECULAR SECOND SEMESTER 2023-24 INTRODUCTION TO MOLBIO BIOLOGY SEX CHROMOSOMES: 1 pair (X & Y chromosome, b. FLUORECENT IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION (FISH) determine the sex and sex relate hormonal traits - Uses fluorescent probes to bind to specific DNA SRY GENE responsible for sex determining region sequences on chromosomes Karyotype- list of all chromosomes from smallest to - Often used to detect chromosomal abnormalities largest used in molecular diagnosis. and gene rearrangement GENOME BRIEF HISTORY AND DISCOVERY OF MOLECULAR The complete set of chromosomes BIOLOGY Human contains 2 copies of each autosomal gene The lines of research leading to the discovery that the ½ of the genome is inherited from each parent (haploid DNA is the hereditary material: each chromosome is a genome) single molecule of DNA and gene are sequences of DNA Complete genome inherited from both parent (diploid I. HERIDITY AND GENES genome) II. CHROMOSOMES CELLS III. DNA 2 main types: a. Prokaryotic cells I. HEREDITY AND GENES - A distinct, membrane-bound organelles is absent Aristotle (384-322 B.C) and DNA is not organized into chromosomes - Proposed the theory of pangenesis and concept - Organisms are called prokaryotes (bacteria) known as vital heat b. Eukaryotic cells Gregor Mendel (1866) - Cell with true nucleus bounded by a nucleus - Father of modern genetics bounded by a nuclear membrane within which lie - Publishes his paper on inheritance of traits in peas. the chromosomes E. Strasburger, Oscar Hertwig, R.A von Kolliker & august - Organism are called eukaryotes (higher plants and Weismann (1884) animals, fungi, protozoa, and most algae) - Independently identify the cell nucleus as the basis of inheritance RECOMBINATION Hugo de Vries (1889) The process of exchange of genes or segments of DNA - Hypothesizes the existence of Pangenes between chromosomes August Weismann (1893) Produces gametes with chromosomes that are different - Proposes his “germ plasm theory” from the parent’s Hugo de Vries, Karl Correns, Erich Von Tschermak Applied to genetic technologies in making transgenic (1900) organism, and gene therapy - Independently rediscover and verify Mendel’s law Archibald Garrod (1902) - Explains the concept of human inborn errors of metabolism, linking inheritance to proteins i. Walter S. Sutton - Coins the term “genes” for Mendel’s Characters Reginald C. Punnett (1905) - Devises the Punnett square William Bateson (1906) NUCLEIC ACID AMPLIFICATION - Coined the term “genetics” A process of increasing the number of copies of specific Thomas H. Morgan & Alfred H. Sturtevant (1910-1913) nucleic acid sequence, such as DNA or RNA - Announce the gene theory and chart the first linear Example: polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) map of genes PROCESS: George W. Beedle & Edward L. Tatum - A process called denaturation each strand will be - Formulate the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis use as templates so hydrogen bonds will break - Primers are RNA in which they are capable of II. CHROMOSOMES addition of free nucleotides Edward Strasburger (1875) - Heat resistant polymerase-particularly from the - Describe what will later be called chromosomes thermophilic bacteria during mitosis - Extension- process in adding bases on the other Walter Flemming (1882) strand to make many copies - Describes behavior of chromosomes during mitosis a. NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS) W. Waldeyer (1888) - A high through put sequencing technology that - Names chromosomes “color bodies” allows the simultaneous sequencing of millions of Walter S. Sutton & Theodore Boveri (1902) DNA fragments - Observe that chromosomes in c ells behave in ways - Used for a variety of applications in-molecular parallel to Mendel’s characters during meiosis, and diagnostics (identifying genetic mutations and propose a chromosomal basis for heredity variations) Nettie M. Stevens & Edmund B. Wilson (1905) 2|Page PB: ALBORES, MIA FLOR J.  MOLECULAR SECOND SEMESTER 2023-24 INTRODUCTION TO MOLBIO BIOLOGY - Independently develop the idea of sex August Weismann determination by chromosomes sperm and egg Germ plasm theory- states that hereditary inherit III. DNA exclusively only in germ cells, sperm and egg Friedrich (fritz) Miescher (1869) Hugo de Vries - Isolates an acidic, phosphorus-rich substances he pangenesis these are discrete particles that carries called “Nuclein” from the nuclei of WBCs in pus hereditary transmit from parents to offspring and can from soiled bandages distribute all over the body Frederick Griffith (1928) netherlands plant hybrids particularly evening primrose- - Demonstrates as a heritable “transforming aligned the law of inheritance of law in mendel principle” that transmits the ability of bacteria to Carl correns cause pneumonia in mice Germany used plant 4 o'clock plants Phoebus Aaron Levene (1929) Erich Tschermak - Characterizes & names the compounds ribonucleic acid & deoxyribonucleic acid, & a “tetranucleotide” Australia used pea plants structure of DNA, in which the 4 bases of DNA are arranged 1 after another in a set of 4. Rudolf Signer, Tobjorn Caspersson & Einer Hammarstein (1938) - Find MW for DNA between 500,000 % 1,000,000 daltons, suggesting that DNA must be a polynucleotide - Proteins &DNA are studied by many scientists using X-ray crystallography. - The term “molecular biology” is coined by “warren weaver” Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, & Maclyn McCarty (1944) - Demonstrate that Griffith’s bacterial transforming principle is not protein but DNA & suggest that it may function as the genetic material Roger & Colette Vendrely, together with Andre Boivin (1949) - Show a constant amount of DNA in all tissues of the same animal and find half as much as DNA in the nuclei of sperm cells as they find in body cells Erwin Chargaff – (1950) - Shows amounts of the bases A and T, G&C are equal Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase (1952) - Use bacteriophage (viruses) to confirm that DNA is the hereditary material Maurice Wilkins & Rosalind Franklin (1952) - use X-ray crystallography to reveal the repeating structure of B form DNA (using DNA purified by signer) James Watson & Francis Crick (1953) - Deduce DNA’s double helix conformation ADDITIONALS: (kalagot aning mga tawhana legit) E. Strasburger conducted research on the process of mitosis and he was able to describe the 2 divisions in plants he discovered that cell division that nucleus also divides. * Oscar Hertwig 1st person to recognize the fusion of the nucleus of sperm and egg cell during the fertilization he sees that during the fertilization it unites that lead him that nucleus is the basis of inheritance observe the tissues under the microscope the fusion of nucleus as cell theory he was able to identify that nucleus has some basis for pairing 3|Page PB: ALBORES, MIA FLOR J.