Land Pollution Presentation PDF

THE POLLUTION ON LAND Mr. Jerome R. Delos Santos November 11, 2024 4:30 PM – 7:30 PM CAN I GUESS THE WORD? MECHANICS: The class will be divided into two groups. The goal of the game is to guess the word by supplying letters to it alternately. One point will be given for every correct letter...

THE POLLUTION ON LAND Mr. Jerome R. Delos Santos November 11, 2024 4:30 PM – 7:30 PM CAN I GUESS THE WORD? MECHANICS: The class will be divided into two groups. The goal of the game is to guess the word by supplying letters to it alternately. One point will be given for every correct letter provided. Five points will be given for the group who guess the word correctly. Guessing the word incorrectly will receive a 2- point deduction. The team with the highest score at the end of the game will be declared as the winner. CAN I GUESS THE WORD? LOAM SOIL CAN I GUESS THE WORD? TOPSOIL CAN I GUESS THE WORD? DRYLAND CAN I GUESS THE WORD? WILDFIRE CAN I GUESS THE WORD? SOLID WASTE CAN I GUESS THE WORD? INCINERATIO N CAN I GUESS THE WORD? SURFACE MINING SOIL Soils are complex mixtures of minerals, water, air, organic matter, and countless organisms that are the decaying remains of once-living things. It forms the surface of the land – it is the “skin of the earth.” Soil can support plant life and is vital to life on Earth. SOIL TYPES There are different types of soil on planet, as every soil has different compositions of minerals and organics, and every soil has been formed in different ways. There are four basic types of soil:  Sand  Clay  Silt  Loam SAND Sand is used to provide bulk, strength, and other properties to construction materials like asphalt and concrete. It is also used as a decorative material in landscaping. Specific types of sand are used in the manufacture of glass and as a molding material for metal casting. CLAY Clay soil has incredibly small particles. This means that clay has very little air spaces, allowing almost no drainage. This is the reason why clay soil becomes very sticky and heavy when wet. Clay soil can be bad for growing some plants. Water cannot escape clay soil when it is wet causing the plant roots to rot. CLAY Clay soil has been used for construction since ancient times. It can be sun-dried or fired to make adobe bricks and then be used to assemble a house. Clay is used in ceramics, turning it into pots, vases, pipes, and other useful objects. It is also used in making sculptures or antique jars. SILT Silt is one of the most fertile of the many types of soil, with rich nutrients and good drainage. It is slightly smaller in size than sandy soil, but otherwise is very similar in composition. Silt soil is quietly dark in color and is excellent for planting almost any plant. LOAM Loam soil is actually made up of different soil types, with varying amounts of clay, silt, and sand mixed together. Loam holds water very well because of the heavy grittiness given from the sand. It also has exceptional drainage so that the water does not build up too much and is also nutrient-rich. It is the ideal soil for gardening.  SOIL LAYERS LAYERS OF SOIL Soil covers much of the land on Earth. It is made up of minerals (rock, sand, clay, silt), air, water, and organic material (matter from dead plants and animals). Soil provides a substrate for plants (roots anchor in soil), a source of food for plants, and a home for many animals (insects, spiders, centipedes, worms, burrowing animals, bacteria, etc.). LAYERS OF SOIL LAYERS OF SOIL Soil is made up of distinct horizontal layers; these layers are called horizons. They range from rich, organic upper layers (humus and topsoil) to underlying rocky layers (subsoil and SOIL HORIZON O Horizon – Organic Layer This layer is the uppermost layer of the soil rich in organic matter, such as the remains of plants and dead animals. It is typically black SOIL HORIZON A Horizon – Topsoil Found below the O horizon and it has a dark brown color as it contains the maximum organic matter of the soil. It is the region of intense biological SOIL HORIZON A Horizon – Topsoil Here, the plants stretch their roots deep down, allowing it to hold the topsoil together. The humus makes this highly porous, allowing it to hold air and moisture for seed SOIL HORIZON E Horizon – Eluviation Layer This layer consists of nutrients leached from O and A horizons. E horizon is absent in most soils but is more common in forested SOIL HORIZON B Horizon – Subsoil It is lighter in color than the topsoil due to lower humus content. However, it is more compact and rigid than topsoil. Has less organic content but rich in SOIL HORIZON B Horizon – Subsoil This layer holds enough water due to its clayey nature. Farmers often mix topsoil and subsoil while plowing their fields. SOIL HORIZON C Horizon – Parent Rock Also known as regolith or saprolite. It is called parent rock because all the upper layers were developed from this layer. It is devoid of any organic matter. SOIL HORIZON C Horizon – Parent Rock It is made up of broken-up bedrocks, making it hard. Plant roots do not penetrate this layer. It is the transition between inner layer of the earth and the upper SOIL HORIZON R Horizon – Bedrock It consists of un- weathered igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It is highly compact. Granite, basalt, quartzite, sandstone, and limestone make up the  LAND POLLUTION Land Pollution The deterioration of Earth’s land features and soil, directly or indirectly. It is often caused by human activities and the misuse of land resources which could lead to undesirable changes in land, like soil erosion. It also refers to an activity that lessens the quality and/or productivity of the land as an ideal place for agriculture, forestation, Thought Provoking Question HOW IS THE INCREASE IN POPULATION CAN LEAD TO LAND POLLUTION? Various Causes of Land Pollution 1. Deforestation and Soil Erosion Deforestation carried out to create drylands is one of the major concerns. Land that is once converted into dry or barren land can never be made fertile again, whatever the magnitude of measures to redeem it is. Land conversion, meaning the alteration or modification of original properties of land to make it use-worthy for a specific purpose, is another major cause. Various Causes of Land Pollution 1. Deforestation and Soil Erosion Also, there is a constant waste of land. Unused available land over the years turns barren; this land then cannot be used. So, in search of more land, potent land is hunted, and its indigenous state is compromised. Various Causes of Land Pollution 2. Agricultural Activities Farmers often use toxic fertilizers and pesticides to get rid of insects, fungi, and bacteria from their crops. However, with the overuse of these chemicals, they result in contamination and poisoning of soil. Various Causes of Land Pollution 3. Mining Activities During extraction and mining activities, several land spaces are created beneath the surface. We constantly hear about land caving in, which is nothing but nature’s way of filling the spaces left out after mining or extraction activity. Various Causes of Land Pollution 4. Overcrowded Landfills Garbage like aluminum, plastic, paper, cloth, wood, is collected and sent to the local recycling unit. Items that cannot be recycled become a part of landfills that hamper the beauty of the city and cause land pollution. Various Causes of Land Pollution 5. Industrialization Due to an increased demand for food, shelter, and house, more goods are produced. This resulted in the creation of more waste that needs to be disposed of. To meet the demand of the growing population, more industries were developed, which lead to deforestation. Various Causes of Land Pollution 5. Industrialization Research and development paved the way for modern fertilizers and chemicals that were highly toxic and led to soil contamination. Various Causes of Land Pollution 6. Urbanization Many of us may not classify human settlements as “land pollution;” however, urbanization marks a significant change to the landscape that can cause land pollution in a variety of subtle and not-so-subtle ways. Various Causes of Land Pollution 7. Construction Activities Due to urbanization, a large number of construction activities are taking place, which has resulted in huge waste particles like wood, metal, bricks, and plastic that can be seen by naked eyes outside any building or office which is under construction. Various Causes of Land Pollution 8. Nuclear Waste The leftover radioactive material contains harmful and toxic chemicals that can affect human health. They are dumped beneath the earth to avoid any casualty. Various Causes of Land Pollution 9. Sewage Treatment A large amount of solid waste is leftover once the sewage has been treated. The leftover material is then sent to the landfill site, which ends up polluting the environment. Various Causes of Land Pollution 10. Littering People just throw their garbage on the ground without caring about the adverse effects on the environment. A common instance is that people just throw their cigarette butt on the ground every time. Disastrous Effects of Land Pollution 1. Soil Pollution 2. Groundwater Poisoning 3. Drinking Water Problem 4. Change in Climate Patterns 5. Effect on Human Health 6. Air Pollution 7. Wildfire 8. Biodiversity Solid Waste Solid wastes are all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid and are discarded as useless or unwanted. Types of Solid Waste Industrial Waste – produced by mines, farms or agriculture, and industries that supply people with goods and services Municipal Solid Waste – often called garbage or trash, which consists of the combined solid waste produced by homes, institutions, small businesses, and workplaces other than factories. Sources of Solid Waste 1. Residential Wastes that are generated from living households, generally contain non-hazardous solid wastes; kitchen waste, found usually at home. Sources of Solid Waste 2. Agricultural These are solid wastes due to agricultural activities: food residues, animal dung, crop residues, etc. Sources of Solid Waste 3. Commercial Wastes generated from business establishments: food establishments, shops, etc., that generate generally non-hazardous waste such as paper, cardboard, wood, metals and plastic. Sources of Solid Waste 4. Industrial Wastes It is from various types of industrial processes. The nature of the waste depends on the type of industry and kind of raw material involved. There may be toxic and hazardous wastes that have adverse effects to the environment. Sources of Solid Waste 5. Institutional Solid Waste Generated from public and government institutions: offices, religious institutes, schools, universities, etc.; generally, not hazardous. Sources of Solid Waste 6. Hospital Solid Waste Discarded, unwanted solid wastes from hospitals. It consists of both non-hazardous and hazardous waste. Thought Provoking Question HOW CAN WE DEAL WITH THE DIFFERENT SOLID WASTE? Solid Waste Disposal 1. Open Dumping Generally, solid waste is spread over a large area, providing sources of food and shelter for flies, rats and other vermin. Solid Waste Disposal 1. Open Dumping Considerations in selection and locating sites for open dumping Sources of water supply and distance from it Direction of wind Distance from nearest residents, nearby farm areas and main land. Distance that flies can travel from disposal site to living quarters as well as the distance that the rodents can travel from disposal areas and living quarters. Solid Waste Disposal 2. Controlled Tipping/Burial Sanitary Landfill System It differs in ordinary dumping in that the material are placed in a trench or other prepared area, adequately compacted, and covered with earth at the end of the working day. Solid Waste Disposal 2. Controlled Tipping/Burial Sanitary Landfill System Steps in Controlled Tipping Choosing a suitable site, usually wasteland, to be reclaimed within reasonable distance from habitation. Transporting the generated wastes to the site by appropriately designed vehicles. Laying the wastes in appropriate heap to a predetermined height Compacting the layer mechanically. Covering the compacted layer with a thin layer of earth 22 cm depth at the end of each work day. The same Solid Waste Disposal 3. Incineration Incineration is a process of burning the combustible components of garbage at temperatures high enough to destroy contaminants. It reduces volume of waste by 20- 30% of original volume. MINING Mining Is the extraction of valuable minerals or geological materials from the surface or under the surface of the Earth. Mining products usually have high economic value and are particularly useful to mankind. Examples of these products are metals like copper, gold, and zinc as well as gems like rubies, sapphires, and diamonds. Thought Provoking Question WHAT LEADS TO THE INCREASE IN DEMAND FOR MINING MINERALS AND OTHER METALS? Importance of Mining The mining industry supplies materials that are used for a wide variety of applications. Metals are used to construct roads and establishments, build automobiles and houses, and make computers and satellites. The mined metals can also be used to generate electricity and serve as components of the gadgets that we use a lot. Importance of Mining Gems have high economic value and are regarded as status symbols for the wealthy In addition to these, mining is also an economically important industry to regions and countries that serve as reservoirs of mining products. The Philippines, in particular, is the fifth most mineral-rich country in the world for gold, nickel, copper, and chromite. Types of Mining 1. Surface Mining Removing of shallow mineral deposits in which vegetation, soil, and rock overlying a mineral deposit are cleared away. The soil and rock, called overburden, are usually deposited in piles of waste material called spoils. Surface mining is used to extract about 90% of the non-fuel mineral resources. Types of Mining 1. Surface Mining The type of surface mining used depends on two factors: The resource being sought The local topography Types of Mining 1.1 Open-pit Mining Machines are used to dig very large holes and remove metal ores containing copper, gold, or other metals, or sand, gravel, or stone. Types of Mining 1.2 Strip Mining Strip mining is the process of removing a thin strip of overburden above a desired deposit, dumping the removed overburden behind the deposit, extracting the desired deposit, creating a second, parallel strip in the same manner, and depositing the waste materials from that second (new) strip onto the first strip. And so on. Types of Mining 1.3 Mountain Top Removal Mining The top of the mountain is removed to expose seams of coal, which are then extracted. After a mountain top is blown apart, enormous machines plow waste rock and dirt into valleys below the mountain tops. This destroys forests, buries mountain streams, and increases the risk of flooding. Types of Mining 1.4 Contour Strip Mining It is used mostly to mine coal and various mineral resources on hilly or mountainous terrain. Huge power shovels and bulldozers cut a series of terraces into the side of a hill. Types of Mining 2. Subsurface Mining Used to excavate deep deposit minerals in which underground mineral resources are removed through tunnels and shafts. This method is used to remove metal ores and coal that are too deep to be extracted by surface mining. Subsurface mining disturbs less than one-tenth as much land as surface mining disturbs, and it usually produces less waste material. Types of Mining 2. Subsurface Mining  However, it creates hazards such as cave-ins, explosions, and fires.  Miners often get lung diseases caused by prolonged inhalation of mineral or coal dust in subsurface mines. Types of Mining 3. Placer Mining  Placers are unconsolidated deposits with detrital material containing valuable minerals.  They are often formed from weathering processes due to natural forces like water and wind. Types of Mining 3. Placer Mining  It uses water to separate valuable ore from the surrounding sediment in the streambed. Types of Mining 4. In-situ Mining  In in-situ mining (Latin meaning "on site"), leaching involves using boreholes that are drilled into a deposit.  Chemicals are pumped through the boreholes to dissolve that minerals in a solvent and siphon it onto the surface. The leaching solution used is often either an acid or carbonate. Environmental Impacts The environmental impacts of mining on the environment are often huge. It can drastically alter the conditions in a particular area in just a short period of time, especially if the sustainability measures are not observed. Environmental Impacts Some of the environmental impacts of mining include: Soil erosion Sinkholes Loss of biodiversity Contamination of soil, groundwater, and surface water Increase in carbon emissions Laws Governing the Mining Industry Republic Act No. 7942  Also known as the Philippine Mining Act of 1995, this law aims to promote proper exploration, development, utilization, and conservation of our mineral resources through the combined efforts of the government and the private sector. Laws Governing the Mining Industry Republic Act No. 7942  The Philippines, being the fifth most mineral-rich countries in the world have a huge potential to be developed if our mineral resources are conserved and utilized properly. Laws Governing the Mining Industry Republic Act No. 7942  It is worth noting that the law recognizes the rights of indigenous people (IP) to their ancestral domains, mandating royalty payments to the IP communities should be given for the minerals in their areas were to be utilized. Laws Governing the Mining Industry Republic Act No. 7076  This act is also known as the People's Small-scale Mining Act of 1991.  Its main objective is to promote small-scale mining activities and give access and more opportunities for small-scale miners to partake in the land's natural resources. Possible Solutions to Land Pollution Make people aware of the concept of 4Rs. Refuse: Don’t use it. Refuse disposable plastic whenever and wherever possible. Choose items that are not packaged in plastic, and carry your own bags, containers and utensils. Say 'no straw, please.' Reduce: Use less. Reduce your plastic footprint. Cut down on your consumption of goods that contain excessive plastic packaging and parts. If it will leave behind plastic trash, don't buy it. Possible Solutions to Land Pollution Make people aware of the concept of 4Rs. Reuse: Use it over and over. Reuse durable, non- toxic straws, utensils, to go containers, bottles, bags, and other everyday items. Choose glass, paper, stainless steel, wood, ceramic and bamboo over plastic. Recycle: Convert it to useful items and buy products made from recycled materials. Recycle what you can’t refuse, reduce or reuse. Pay attention to the entire life cycle of items you bring into your life, from source to manufacturing to Possible Solutions to Land Pollution Reduce the use of pesticides and fertilizers in agricultural activities. Buy Biodegradable products Create dumping ground away from residential areas. Education is the key to mitigate the land pollution problem. The Green Revolution - L and Pollution A Docume ntary (youtube.com) SEATWORK TRUE or FALSE 1. Sand soil is made up of incredibly small particles than silt and clay. 2. As compared to sand and clay, silt is more fertile. 3. R-horizon is made up of weathered rocks like saprolites. 4. A-horizon is the region of intense biological activity. 5. A barren land can never be made fertile again. SEATWORK TRUE or FALSE 6. Waste produced from houses, businesses, and institutions are examples of industrial solid waste. 7. Institutions like schools usually produces non- hazardous waste like paper. 8. Incineration is good for reducing the volume of the waste. 9. Removal of shallow mineral deposits are done via surface mining. 10. The 4R stands for Reuse, Reduce, Recycle, THANK YOU FOR LISTENING