Interactions between Tanzania, Europe, and Asia - PDF

FOR ONLINE USE ONLY Interactions between DO NOT DUPLICATE Chapter Tanzania, Europe and Asia Five before colonialism Introduction...

FOR ONLINE USE ONLY Interactions between DO NOT DUPLICATE Chapter Tanzania, Europe and Asia Five before colonialism Introduction In Standard Four, you learnt about the concept of relationship and the origin of clan. You also learnt about pre-colonial social organisations and how some communities changed from communal to feudal social communities. LY In this chapter, you will learn about the motives for the interactions between Tanzanians and people from Europe and Asia before colonialism. You will also learn about the effects of such interactions on Tanzania’s economy, N politics and culture. O Interactions between Tanzania and Asia SE The interactions between Tanzania and Asia started a long time ago. These interactions were in a very advanced stage by the 9th and 10th centuries. The people from Asia came either from the Middle East or the Far East. Those U who came from the Middle East were mainly from Syria, Iran, Oman and Yemen, and those from the Far East were mainly from China, Indonesia and India. They came to Tanzania through the Indian Ocean. These visitors used dhows to navigate in the Indian Ocean. They were assisted by the Monsoon E winds that pushed their dhows to and from Asia. N There were two types of Monsoon winds. The first type was the Northeast LI Monsoon winds (NEMW), which blew from Asia to East Africa from November to April. The second type was the Southeast Monsoon winds (SEMW), which N blew from the East African coast to Asia from May to October. The winds helped traders to travel from Tanzania to Asia. O Factors which facilitated interactions between Tanzania and Asia R There were four main factors that facilitated interactions between Tanzania FO and Asia. The first factor, as mentioned above, was the Monsoon winds. These winds enabled traders to travel through the Indian Ocean using dhows. The traders developed the knowledge of the dynamics of the winds and knew how to use it productively. The second factor was the Indian Ocean itself. 44 SOCIAL STUDIES STD 5.indd 44 30/07/2021 11:49  FOR ONLINE USE ONLY DO routes The ocean provided the sea NOT DUPLICATE that connected Tanzania to Asia, and vice versa, and made it possible for people from both sides to interact and build relationships. The third factor was the nature of the location of the East African coast, which enhanced the coast’s accessibility to the outside world. Some coastal areas such as Pemba, Unguja, Kilwa, Mafia and Tanga had excellent natural harbours where traders could dock their dhows. The last factor was the availability of trading commodities like slaves, ivory, gold and others that influenced the establishment of commercial contacts between Tanzanian and Asian societies. LY Motives for the interactions There were two main motives for the interactions between Tanzanian and N Asian societies before colonialism, namely economic and social motives. O (a) Economic motives The main economic motive for the interactions was trade. Traders from Asia came to Tanzania to get commodities such as slaves, wax, natural rubber, SE ivory, horns of rhinoceros, animal skins, shells of tortoise and cowry shells (see Figure 1). From Asia, they brought to Tanzania commodities such as clothes, porcelains, iron tools (like spears, swords and knives), carpets, rice, U guns and bullets (see Figure 2). As you can see, the commodities which the traders from Asia brought to E Tanzania were less valuable than those which they took from Tanzania. This trade, therefore, was unequal and exploitative in nature. N LI N O R FO Figure 1: Commodities from the East African coast to Asia 45 SOCIAL STUDIES STD 5.indd 45 30/07/2021 11:49  FOR ONLINE USE ONLY DO NOT DUPLICATE LY N O Figure 2: Commodities from Asia to Tanzania (b) Social motive SE The social motive for these interactions was the spread of Islam and Islamic culture. Some visitors from the Middle East came to the coast of Tanzania U and of East Africa more generally for the purpose of spreading Islam, especially from the 9th century onwards. This became the foundation for the conversion of some Tanzanians to Islam in such coastal areas as Pemba, E Unguja, Tanga, Kilwa, Kaole (Bagamoyo), Mafia, Lindi and Mtwara. Islam began to spread to the coast. Similarly, the building of mosques and other N Islamic cultures started during this period. LI Exercise 1 N Choose the right answer from the multiple choices provided in the following questions: O 1. One of the economic goals of the early Oman-Arabs interactions with the East African coast was to: R (a) conduct agricultural activities FO (b) do fishing ( ) (c) conduct trade (d) do mining activities 46 SOCIAL STUDIES STD 5.indd 46 30/07/2021 11:49  FOR ONLINE USE ONLY DO NOT DUPLICATE Answer the following questions: 2. Mention four social effects of the interactions between Tanzania and Asia. 3. Mention three economic effects of the interactions between Tanzania and Asia. Effects of the interactions between Tanzania and Asia LY The interactions between Tanzanian and Asian societies had many economic, social and political effects, as described below. Economic effects N The trading relations between Tanzania and Asia led to the following O economic effects: (i) Development of unequal trading relations SE The people from Asia benefited more from the trading relations than Tanzanians. This is because the traders from Asia obtained commodities U from Tanzania which were more valuable than the commodities they brought to Tanzania for exchange purposes. For example, commodities such as ivory, animal skin, shells of tortoise and wax from Tanzania were more valuable E than commodities such as porcelains, mirrors, guns and clothes, which they brought to Tanzania. N (ii) Development of slave trade LI One of the objectives of the traders from the Middle East was to obtain slaves. N Over time, they captured pre-colonial Tanzanians and made them slaves. In some cases, some Tanzanian local chiefs sold their people to the traders O from the Middle East as slaves. The slaves were taken to the Middle East, where they worked as domestic slaves, workers in agricultural plantations, labourers in construction works, soldiers and as objects of entertainment. R Because of the slave trade, Tanzania lost a valuable human resource. FO (iii) Introduction of new agricultural crops New crops such as cloves and coconuts were introduced during these commercial interactions. Over time, some of the crops or fruits became 47 SOCIAL STUDIES STD 5.indd 47 30/07/2021 11:49  FOR ONLINE USE ONLY important cash crops inDO NOTparts various DUPLICATE of Tanzania. Such crops did not exist before the beginning of the interactions between Tanzanian and Asian societies. (iv) Emergence of merchants Merchants were people who specialised in trade. The merchants were the middle-men who collected commodities and sold them to the merchants and traders from Asia. Some of them became rich through these trading engagements. Most of the merchants were of Arabic or Indian origin. LY (v) Exploitation of Tanzanian resources The process of taking slaves and valuable commodities such as ivory and N animal products marked the beginning of the exploitation of the human and natural resources of Tanzania by foreigners. It was also the beginning of the O underdevelopment of Tanzania. Social effects SE The interactions and contacts between Tanzania and Asia had the following social effects: U (i) Growth and spread of Kiswahili Because of the growing interactions between Tanzanian and Asian societies, E the Kiswahili language evolved and became a medium of communication. It continued to adopt new words from the Far and Middle East such as nazi, N karafuu, ustaarabu, uungwana, shikamoo and mwinyi. LI (ii) Intermarriages N Marriages between Asian traders and Tanzanian women were some of the social effects of the interactions in question. Some male traders from Asia O started sexual relationships with women in Tanzania. The women gave birth to children of mixed colour. Their children were known as chotara, a Swahili R word which originated from the Hindi language of India. (iii) Spread of Islam FO As the Arab traders established commercial interactions with some of the communities in Tanzania, they also converted some people to Islam. This started around the 9th and 10th centuries. This conversion marked the 48 SOCIAL STUDIES STD 5.indd 48 30/07/2021 11:49  FOR ONLINE USE ONLY DOcommunities beginning of Muslim social NOT DUPLICATE in Tanzania, especially in such coastal areas as Unguja, Pemba, Kilwa and Tanga. As trade expanded between the coast and the interior, Islam also spread to places as far as Ujiji in Kigoma. (iv) Spread of Arabic culture As the interactions and contacts expanded, the Arabs introduced some aspects of their culture into Tanzania. Islam was one of them. Other cultural aspects included dressing styles, architectural designs, money and languages. LY (v) Growth of Swahili civilisation N Swahili civilisation emerged as a result of the integration of Asian culture and Tanzanian culture. These two cultures co-existed without replacing each O other; they hence grew together. Swahili civilisation was seen in dressing, eating and architecture. (vi) Rise of towns and urban cultures SE A number of towns developed because of the growing commercial and social U interactions in many parts of the coastal areas of Tanzania. Examples of the towns that developed as a result of these interactions were Unguja, Pemba, Kilwa, Bagamoyo and Tanga. These towns became important trading E centres. They also became important cultural centres. Rich merchants lived in these towns. N Political effects LI The interactions and contacts between Tanzania, the Middle East and Asia N had the following political effects: (i) Rise of centralised city states O A number of centralised city states evolved as political institutions in many R of the coastal towns. They evolved in towns such as Kilwa, Zanzibar and Tanga. By the 14th century, Kilwa was the most powerful and richest city FO state in the whole of the East African coast. It was the first island to use its own currency in East Africa. 49 SOCIAL STUDIES STD 5.indd 49 30/07/2021 11:49  FOR ONLINE USE ONLY DO NOT (ii) Creation of standing armiesDUPLICATE Each city state organised and maintained an army. An army was necessary for ensuring peace and security within the state, collecting taxes from the traders who were doing business in the state or passing through the state and protecting the ruling and merchant classes in the state. Interactions between Tanzanians and Europeans before colonialism The interactions involved the pre-colonial societies of Tanzania and the LY people from European countries such as Portugal, Greece and Holland. Motives of these interactions N The early Europeans who came to East Africa were motivated by four major O factors. The factors included the following: (i) Search for precious metals SE Europeans travelled to East Africa to search for precious metals. The most important precious metals needed in Europe during this time were gold and silver. These precious metals were also known as bullion. Gold, which came U from places like Sofala and Katanga, which found in West Africa. Gold and silver were the mediums of exchange and symbols of power in Europe. E (ii) Establishing informal colonies N Europeans travelled all over the world, looking for places to establish informal colonies. The Portuguese considered Eastern Africa as an important area LI for establishing spheres of influence that would eventually be their colonies. They established spheres of influence on the coasts of Mozambique, N Tanzania and Kenya, and on many islands in the Indian Ocean. While the Portuguese were doing this in Eastern Africa, the Dutch established a colony O at the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. Similarly, other European nations such as Spain, Britain and France established colonies in America and Asia. R (iii) Global explorations FO The coming of the Portuguese to East Africa, including Tanzania, was part of the efforts by Europeans to explore the world. They wanted to have a deeper understanding of the geography of the world. Thus, advancing knowledge 50 SOCIAL STUDIES STD 5.indd 50 30/07/2021 11:49  FOR ONLINE USE ONLY DO about the world motivated NOT them to DUPLICATE travel and establish interactions with societies in Tanzania and in East Africa more generally. (iv) Finding an alternative route to India By the 15th century, European nations had established commercial relations with Asian societies such as India, China and Indonesia. Transport from Europe to Asia through the Middle East was difficult because of the conflicts between Europeans and the Arabs. The Europeans needed to find an alternative sea route, so that they could use the Atlantic and Indian Oceans to transport goods and people. The arrival of Europeans in East Africa was LY enabled by the efforts to find sea routes to Asia through the Atlantic and Indian Oceans (see Figure 3). N O SE U E N LI N O R Figure 3: Map of the world showing routes from Portugal to India FO 51 SOCIAL STUDIES STD 5.indd 51 30/07/2021 11:49  FOR ONLINE USE ONLY DO NOT Phases in the development ofDUPLICATE interactions between Tanzania and Europe There were four phases in these interactions, as described below. (a) Greco-Roman Interactions The communities on the coast of Tanzania had interactions with Europeans for a long time. The earliest Europeans to arrive on the coast of Tanzania in particular and of East Africa in general were the Greeks and Romans. They arrived on the coast in the first century AD. There were commercial relations LY between the coast of East Africa and the sea between Southern Europe and Northern Africa. N (b) Portuguese interactions Portugal was one of the European nations which established interactions with O Tanzanian and other East African coastal communities. Pioneered by Vasco da Gama (see Figure 4), the Portuguese arrived on the coast during the late SE 15th century. When they arrived, they found thriving trading relations between Tanzania and Asia. The Portuguese wanted to control these relations and, therefore, they conquered many coastal city states and removed the Arab U traders who dominated East African trade. They conquered city states such as Tanga, Kilwa, Mombasa, Unguja, Pemba and Sofala. They established military forts or garrisons E in many parts of the coast, for example in Kilwa and N Mombasa. The biggest fort was in Mombasa and was LI known as Fort Jesus. The Portuguese established their N rule on the whole East African O coast. They controlled the trade in slave, ivory and gold from the 15th century to the R late 17th century. They also FO controlled the Indian Ocean and disturbed the old trading relations between the East Figure 4: Vasco da Gama, the early Portuguese African coast and Asia. traveller 52 SOCIAL STUDIES STD 5.indd 52 30/07/2021 11:49  FOR ONLINE USE ONLY (c) DO Interactions through theNOT DUPLICATE Oman Arabs and Zanzibar Sultanate Portuguese domination in East Africa ended in the early 18th century when they were overthrown by the Arabs from Oman and the coastal Swahili people. The Arabs and Swahili people invaded Portuguese garrisons, defeated the Portuguese and removed them from the region. In 1840, the Oman rulers under Sultan Seyyid Said shifted their capital from Muscat to Zanzibar. From Zanzibar, they controlled the whole East African region. The overthrow of Portuguese rule led many European groups such as the British, French, Germans and even the Americans to establish contacts with LY East African societies through the Oman rulers. From the 1840s onwards, through the Sultan of Zanzibar, commercial interactions between Europeans N and Tanzanians increased. Europeans obtained commodities such as ivory, horns of rhinoceros, shells of tortoises, cloves and gold through the Sultan O of Zanzibar. These forms of interaction continued until around the 1870s and 1880s. (d) SE Interactions during the prelude to colonialism The final phase in the pre-colonial interactions between European and Tanzanian societies was during the last quarter of the 19th century, especially U during the 1870s and 1880s. During this period, the European powers were determined to colonise Tanzania in particular and East Africa in general. They sent explorers, missionaries and traders to East Africa to collect information E that would eventually help them to establish colonies in the region. These N explorers, missionaries and traders are known as agents of colonialism. The interactions between Tanzania and Europe during this period were largely LI through them. N Exercise 2 Answer the following questions by choosing the most suitable letter O and writing it in the space provided: 1. The interactions between the East African coast and Greco-Romans R started during ____ FO (a) The 1st century ( ) (b) The 17th century 53 SOCIAL STUDIES STD 5.indd 53 30/07/2021 11:49  FOR ONLINE USE ONLY (c) DO NOT DUPLICATE The 15th century (d) The 19th century 2. In _______the Portuguese arrived in Kilwa. (a) The 15th century (b) The 16th century ( ) (c) The 18th century LY (d) The 19th century 3. Who was the first Portuguese to reach the East African coast? N (a) William Mackinnon O (b) Charles Stokes (c) Vasco da Gama ( ) (d) Carl Peters SE 4. Who were the first Europeans to interact with East African U communities? (a) The Greek and Romans E (b) The Portuguese and Dutch N (c) The Romans and German ( ) LI (d) The Germans and British 5. The Oman Arabs overthrew the Portuguese on the East African coast N in ________. O (a) The 19th century (b) The 17th century R (c) The 18th century ( ) FO (d) The 16th century 54 SOCIAL STUDIES STD 5.indd 54 30/07/2021 11:49  FOR ONLINE USE ONLY DO In the second half of the 19th NOT DUPLICATE century, European nations began establishing colonialism in Tanzania in particular and in Africa in general. The reason behind this was the growing demands of the Industrial Revolution in Europe. At the time, European nations such as Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Belgium and Portugal were in different stages of industrialisation. The Europeans considered Africa as the best place for getting raw materials for their industries. These requirements included: (i) Raw materials needed in the growing industries; (ii) Cheap labourers for the colonial economies and other projects; LY (iii) External markets for selling industrial products; and (iv) Areas in which to invest surplus capital. N O Agents of colonialism in Africa The European nations sent their agents of colonialism to Africa so that they could obtain information about Africa’s potentialities. There were three main SE agents of colonialism in Africa: explorers, traders and missionaries. Explorers U Explorers were important agents who prepared Europe to colonise Tanzania in particular and Africa in general. Most of them came to East Africa during E the second half of the 19th century. Initially, explorers were sent to East Africa by associations and commercial companies. From the mid-19th century N onwards, nation-states such as Belgium, Germany, France and Britain LI sponsored explorers directly. The explorers had the objectives presented below. N (a) To identify the most fertile land suitable for growing cash crops such as O tea, coffee, cotton, sunflower, rubber and sisal; (b) To locate areas that had excellent weather for the settlement of R Europeans; (c) To investigate areas that had rich mineral deposits, navigable rivers FO and lakes; (d) To explore indigenous cultures and the stability of indigenous political institutions; 55 SOCIAL STUDIES STD 5.indd 55 30/07/2021 11:49  FOR ONLINE USE ONLY (e) DO NOT To explore commodities DUPLICATE that were readily available from Tanzania and East Africa more generally; and (f) To identify areas with large populations, which would provide markets and labourers during colonialism. The explorers from Europe came to East Africa through Zanzibar. They sought permission from the Sultan of Zanzibar to travel from Zanzibar to the interior to carry out their exploratory activities. The Sultan gave them guides who accompanied them to the interior. In most cases, the explorers used the same routes, which were used during the slave trade and the long distance LY trade. The prominent explorers who visited Tanzania included Ludwig Krapf, David N Livingstone, Henry Morton Stanley, Richard Burton and John Speke. Let us look at how these explored East Africa. Livingstone’s exploration journey O started at Mikindani in Mtwara in 1866. He followed the southern slave trade routes from the Indian Ocean to Lake Nyasa. From Lake Nyasa, he moved SE northwards to the northern parts of Lake Tanganyika. Other explorers such as Richard Burton and John Hanning Speke travelled and explored the Lake Tanganyika region around the mid-1870s. Speke also visited Lake Victoria. U Henry Morton Stanley explored the region around Lake Victoria in 1874 and 1875 (see Figure 5). The explorers recorded everything they found in the interior. They reported E about fertile lands, potential markets, population sizes, local cultures, political N institutions, climate and natural resources. They conveyed that information to Europe in order to inform the companies, associations and states of LI the potentialities found in East Africa. These reports helped the European nations to make decisions on conquering and partitioning Africa. The trading N companies used the reports to make decisions on the kind of business to pursue in East Africa and on places to invest in. O R FO 56 SOCIAL STUDIES STD 5.indd 56 30/07/2021 11:49  FOR ONLINE USE ONLY DO NOT DUPLICATE LY N O SE U E Figure 5: Explorers’ routes N Missionaries LI Missionaries arrived in Tanzania in the 1840s through Zanzibar. They also received permission to enter the interior from the Sultan of Zanzibar. They N were sent by Christian associations. Johann Ludwig Krapf and Johannes Rebman were sponsored by the Church Missionary Society (CMS) to go to O the interior of Tanzania through Zanzibar. The Holy Ghost Fathers built the first mission station in Zanzibar in 1863. They also built a mission station in Bagamoyo. In 1868, the missionaries of the Universities’ Mission to Central R Africa (UMCA) built a mission station in Zanzibar called Magila and another mission station in Masasi. The White Fathers missionaries arrived in 1870 FO and later built stations in Ujiji, Unyanyembe, Karema and Mwanza. The Moravian Church missionaries arrived in Rungwe in 1890 and over time built stations in many places, including Rungwe, Lutengano, Isoko and Mbozi. The Lutheran Church (LC) missionaries established many mission stations 57 SOCIAL STUDIES STD 5.indd 57 30/07/2021 11:49  FOR ONLINE USE ONLY DO in Dar es Salaam, Moshi, NOT Njombe, Arusha, DUPLICATE Makete and the eastern parts of Rungwe. The missionaries wanted to spread Christianity in East Africa. They also advocated the abolition of the slave trade. They believed that the trade was an obstacle to the development of capitalism and the welfare of human beings. They wanted Africans to be free to produce agricultural crops in their own villages. Generally, the main objectives of the missionaries included the following: (a) Converting Africans to Christianity; LY (b) Introducing western education that focused on reading, writing and arithmetic; N (c) Spreading European culture in Africa; O (d) Convincing traders from Europe to come to Tanzania to do business; (e) Establishing the cultivation of the cash crops needed in Europe; and (f) SE Preparing Africans to accept the colonial economy, culture and politics. Traders U Like the missionaries and explorers, traders paved the way for the establishment of colonialism in Africa. European nations such as Britain, France, Germany, Belgium and Portugal wanted to abolish the slave trade E and replace it with trade in agricultural and mineral products that were N needed as raw materials for their industries. Trading companies from these nations signed commercial treaties with the Sultan of Zanzibar, who LI controlled commercial interests in Eastern and Central Africa. These treaties gave them access to the interior of East Africa, including Tanzania. N One of the prominent traders who engaged in trade with Tanzania, Kenya O and Uganda was William Mackinnon. He operated a trading company known as the British East Africa Company (BEACO). However, Mackinnon did not succeed in his trade because he lacked support from the British government. R The other British trader was known as Charles Stokes, who conducted his commercial dealings in Unyanyembe and many parts of Central Tanzania. FO The most famous German trader, who operated in many parts of Tanzania, was known as Carl Peters. He represented a company called the German East Africa Company (GEACO). He signed fake and dubious treaties with local chiefs such as Chief Mangungo of Msowero and Usagara (Kilosa). 58 SOCIAL STUDIES STD 5.indd 58 30/07/2021 11:49  FOR ONLINE USE ONLY DO NOT Through these treaties Mangungo andDUPLICATE other chiefs gave Carl Peters access to many parts of the territory. Local chiefs such as Mangungo did not know the contents of the treaties, which the Germans had prepared because they did not know how to read the German language. Carl Peters used such treaties to claim that Tanzanians had agreed to be colonised by the Germans. Activity 1 With your fellow pupils, discuss the effects of the activities of LY the explorers, traders and missionaries in Tanzania before colonialism. N Effects of pre-colonial interactions between Tanzania and Europe O The pre-colonial interactions between Tanzania and Europe had many effects, as described below. (i) SE In the second half of the 19th century, the interactions led to the colonisation of Tanzania in particular and of Africa in general. The missionaries, explorers and traders paved the way for the colonisation U of Africa, including Tanzania; (ii) Introduction of new commercial crops such as tea, coffee and cotton. E The missionaries grew these crops and exported them to Europe as raw materials; N (iii) Abolition of the slave trade in the 19th century. The objective was to LI replace the slave trade with trade in agricultural and mineral products. These products were needed by European industries in Europe; N (iv) The spread of Christianity was another effect of the interactions between Tanzania and Europe. Some Africans were converted to Christianity. O Thus, Tanzanians began to follow denominations such as Moravian, Lutheran, Anglican and Roman Catholic denominations. Some of the R oldest churches in Tanzania which were built during the 19th century are still in use today. Some of them are the Catholic church in Bagamoyo FO and the Anglican church in Zanzibar; (v) Destruction of African culture. The agents of colonialism imposed western culture on Tanzanians which shortly began to negatively affect Tanzanian culture; and 59 SOCIAL STUDIES STD 5.indd 59 30/07/2021 11:49  FOR ONLINE USE ONLY DO NOT (vi) Exploitation of Tanzanian DUPLICATE resources such as agricultural and natural resources. Exercise 3 Answer the following questions: 1. What were the positive and negative effects of the contact between Tanzania and Europe? 2. List four groups of Europeans that arrived and operated in Tanzania LY before colonialism. 3. Why did William Mackinnon fail in trade? N Exercise 4 O Answer the following questions: 1. Name two missionary organisations that sent their representatives to Tanganyika. SE 2. List the goods taken by the Portuguese from the coastal communities U of Eastern Africa in the pre-colonial period. 3. How did the relationship between the Sultan of Zanzibar and E Tanganyikan communities benefit European merchants? N 4. Describe the three tasks performed by explorers. LI 5. Explain the value of the goods exported from the East African coast and that of the goods imported from Europe and Asia. N Vocabulary O Bullion  gold or silver in large amounts or in the form of bars Islam Muslims’ religion R Industrial Revolution the changes in manufacturing and transport that FO began with fewer things being made by hand and later by using machines in large-scale industries Trade  the act of buying and selling goods and services 60 SOCIAL STUDIES STD 5.indd 60 30/07/2021 11:49