5. Grains.pptx

Grain Production Romy Chammas M.Sc. Summer 2024  Grains Grains are commonly referred to as ‘cereals’, and they are edible seeds. There are many types of grains:  Wheat, oats, rice, corn (maize), barley, sorghum, rye, and millet  Within these grou...

Grain Production Romy Chammas M.Sc. Summer 2024  Grains Grains are commonly referred to as ‘cereals’, and they are edible seeds. There are many types of grains:  Wheat, oats, rice, corn (maize), barley, sorghum, rye, and millet  Within these groups, there are also varieties; for example: couscous, burghul, freekeh, emmer, and spelt are all types  Grains A wholegrain is a grain that contains all the essential parts: the endosperm, germ, and bran and the naturally-occurring nutrients of the entire grain This is in contrast to refined/processed grains, which retain only the endosperm. Grains Grains  Wheat Wheat is the most widely cultivated cereal crop in the world. Wheat has become a favorite grain because of the diversity it provides in culinary applications. Flour is most commonly made from wheat, but can also be made from corn, rice, rye, and barley. Flour is then used to make a wide range of foods, including bread, pasta, muffins, noodles, biscuits, cakes, pastries, and sauces.  Oats Unique among grains, oats almost never have their bran and germ removed in processing, so most food containing oats as an ingredient are considered wholegrains. Oats are naturally rich in beta-glucan, which is a soluble fiber. Beta-glucan has been shown to improve blood glucose control after a meal, improve insulin responses, and decrease cholesterol levels. Oats also have a unique antioxidant, Avenanthramide, that helps protect blood vessels from the damaging effects of LDL cholesterol. For consumption, oats are most commonly rolled/crushed into  Rice Rice is one of the most eaten grains in the world. It is grown in over 100 countries. Rice is the staple food of 3 of the most populated regions of the world: China, India, and Indonesia. More than 100 varieties of rice are grown worldwide. White rice, basmati rice, brown rice, arborio rice (Italian), black rice, sushi rice etc… To produce white rice, the nutrient-rich bran layer is removed. Besides being eaten alone, rice is used to make rice flour (used to make rice noodles and crackers), rice bran (used as a healthy ingredient in some baked products like bread), and sake (Japanese  Corn In its immature form, corn is the familiar yellow corn on the cob. When it matures and dries out, it is used like other grains to make grain foods like breakfast cereal and tortillas. Corn is one of the world’s most important crops because it is used widely in food manufacturing. Besides being eaten on its own, corn is used to make corn starch, corn flour, breakfast cereals (cornflakes), corn OECD-FAO AGRICULTURAL OUTLOOK 2023-2032 © OECD/FAO 2023 Chapter 3 - Cereals  Grain Production World Grain Production (1961-2012) FAO, Worldwatch Production  Over the next 10 years, the growth of cereal demand is expected to be slower than the past decade due to weaker growth in feed demand, biofuels, and other industrial uses.  Moreover, in many countries direct human per capita food consumption of most cereals is approaching saturation levels.  Most of the increase in food demand is linked to population growth, particularly in low and lower middle-income countries.  In the next decade, global cereal production growth will be due to higher yields and more intensive use of existing arable land. ◦ The expected increase is attributed to the wider availability and adoption of new and improved seed varieties, more intense and efficient use of inputs, and improved agricultural practices.  Production Global production of cereals is projected to increase from its current level by about 320 Mt to 3.1 Bln T by 2032, largely from maize and rice. As over the past decade, the increase is expected to originate primarily in Asian countries, which will account for about 45% of global growth. Overall, 17% of global cereal production was traded internationally in 2022. However, this share varies across the different cereals ranging from 10% for rice to 25% for wheat. This ratio is expected to remain stable over the next decade  Production  Itis projected that world cereal trade will increase by 11%, totaling 530 Mt by 2032: ◦ Wheat will contribute to 43% of this growth, ◦ Maize: 34% ◦ Rice: 20% ◦ Other coarse grains: 3%  The Russian Federation (hereafter “Russia”) is projected to remain the largest wheat exporter, supplying 23% of global exports in 2032.  The United States will remain the leading exporter of maize closely followed by Brazil, while the European Union will remain the main exporter of other coarse grains. Production Consumption  Grain crops are mainly used for: ◦ Human consumption ◦ Animal feed ◦ Biofuels  Asian countries will lead demand growth of cereals for food and feed.  Cereal demand will continue to be dominated by food use, closely followed by animal feed use.  In 2032, 41% of all cereals will be directly consumed by humans, while 37% will be used for animal feeds.  Biofuels and other uses are projected to account for the remaining 22%.  These shares, however, differ across the different cereal types. While wheat and rice is mainly used for food, feed use dominates maize and other coarse grains.  Consumption Global use of cereals is projected to increase slightly from 2.8 Bln T in the base period to 3.1 Bln t by 2032, driven mainly by higher food use (+148 Mt), followed by feed use (+130 Mt). Asian countries will account for near half of the projected demand increase. Increasedglobal consumption of cereals for feed is expected to be dominated by maize (1.3%), followed by wheat (0.9%) and other coarse grains (0.6%) over the next decade. Wheat consumption is expected to be 11% higher in 2032 than in the base period.  Fourcountries account for two-fifths of this increase: India, Pakistan, Egypt, and China. Globaluse of wheat for food is projected to increase by 57 Mt but to remain stable at about 66% of total consumption; growth will be slower compared to the previous decade as the rate of increase in world population slows down. Trade  Harvest Area Since 1960, grain harvest area has increased slightly while production levels have risen dramatically. Grain production has increased 269% since 1961. However, grain harvest area has only increased 25%. The increase of production and the significantly smaller increase in harvest area are largely due to the Green Revolution and the introduction of high- yielding grain varieties.  Harvest Area World Grain Harvest Area (1961-2010) FAO, Worldwatch  Factors Affecting Grain Crops The reliance on grain crops for food security is threatened by extreme climatic events, especially droughts and floods. Around 375 million people will be affected by climate change- related disasters by 2015. By 2050, 10-20% more people will be subject to hunger based on the changing climate’s effects on agriculture and 24 million more children are expected to be malnourished (21% more than if there were no climate change).  Factors Affecting Grain Crops The drought taking place in the Midwest and Great Plains of the U.S. is considered the worst drought in 50 years, coming close to matching the late 1930s Dust Bowl. The drought is expected to cost billions of dollars and could top the list as one of the most expensive weather-related disasters in U.S. history. The global market will be most affected by this drought, because so much of the developing world relies on U.S. corn and soybean production. Food prices have already begun to increase due to lower yields, and price fluctuations will inevitably affect