Drilling Operation and Equipment PDF

PEB1012 – Introduction to the Oil and Gas Industry & Sustainable Development DRILLING OPERATION & EQUIPMENT © 2024 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS SDN BHD All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval...

PEB1012 – Introduction to the Oil and Gas Industry & Sustainable Development DRILLING OPERATION & EQUIPMENT © 2024 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS SDN BHD All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright owner.  LEARNING OUTCOME PEB1012 To explain the types of drilling wells and personnel. To describe the types of drilling rigs. To explain the components of a drilling rig. To describe the processes of drilling a well. To discuss well completion types. INTRO TO OIL AND GAS  OUTLINE PEB1012 Drilling overview Drilling well and personnel Drilling rigs Drilling components Process of drilling Well completion types INTRO TO OIL AND GAS  OIL WELL DRILLING PEB1012 Oil well drilling is the process of creating holes in the earth’s surface in preparation of extracting oil. The earliest known oil well was drilled in China in 347BC using bamboos as modern drillpipe to extract oil. Canada was the first to produce oil in commercial quantities in 1857 at 37 barrels per day. In 1859, the first well was drilled in USA by Colonel Drake at about 69 feet deep. INTRO TO OIL AND GAS WHY DO WE DRILL A WELL? PEB1012 Geothermal power : to generate steam for electricity. Hydrocarbon production : to produce oil and gas. Gas or water injection : for reservoir maintenance and gas conservation. Fresh water production : to produce fresh drinkable water. Gather information : for subsurface evaluation. INTRO TO OIL AND GAS  DRILLING WELLS & PERSONNEL PEB1012 OIL WELL CLASSIFICATIONS Oil wells are drilled to meet a defined purpose. The well classifications include the following: Wildcat : It is a small exploratory well drilled, not known to be an oil field, to 1 get geological information, to determine the potential for oil or gas deposit. Appraisal : It is a well drilled after hydrocarbon presence is identified from 2 the wildcat well, to establish the extent and size of the hydrocarbon deposit, to conduct field development plan. 3 Development : Well(s) drilled in a proven producing field for the production of oil or gas. INTRO TO OIL AND GAS  DRILLING PERSONNEL PEB1012 ROLES OF DRILLING ENGINEERS Drilling engineers facilitate the efficient penetration of the earth by wellbore and cementing operations from the surface to an optimum target depth. Specific duties include: Plan the well before drilling Monitor drilling operations Review drilling results and recommend future improvement Prepare drilling reports INTRO TO OIL AND GAS  DRILLING PERSONNEL PEB1012 DRILLING CREW Personnel who operate the drilling rig. Typical crew are: Roustabout : Any unskilled manual labourer on the rig site. Roughneck : A floor hand who makes or breaks connections as drill pipe is tripped in or out of the hole. INTRO TO OIL AND GAS  DRILLING PERSONNEL PEB1012 DRILLING CREW Personnel who operate the drilling rig. Typical crew are: Motorman : Looks after the engine and other machinery Derrickman : He climbs the derrick to 25m above the rig floor where he guides the top of the drill pipe. INTRO TO OIL AND GAS  DRILLING WELLS & PERSONNEL PEB1012 DRILLING CREW Personnel who operate the drilling rig. Typical crew are: Tool Pusher : Experienced individual who ensures that there are sufficient materials, spare parts and skilled personnel. Driller : A supervisor responsible for efficient operation of the rig site. He also operates all the machinery in a control room. INTRO TO OIL AND GAS  DRILLING RIGS PEB1012 ❖ Drilling rigs are steel structures with drilling equipment and other components used for drilling a well. ❖ They are most classified into: onshore and offshore rigs. ❖ Onshore rigs are primarily used on land whereas offshore rigs are mainly used in shallow and deep waters. INTRO TO OIL AND GAS  DRILLING RIGS PEB1012 Onshore rigs: They are capable of drilling more than 30,000ft. deep Conventional Land Portable Mast Coiled-tubing Rig Rig INTRO TO OIL AND GAS  DRILLING RIGS PEB1012 Fixed-Bottom Type: This rig type is capable of drilling in water depths from 2 to 7 m. After being towed to location, the rig’s hull is filled with water until it rests on the bottom of the river bed. Swamp Barge INTRO TO OIL AND GAS  DRILLING RIGS PEB1012 Fixed-Bottom Type: Jack ups are used for most the offshore exploration drillings worldwide. They are mounted in relatively shallow water of depth less than 120 m. They are towed to location and few are self proppelled Jack-Up Rig INTRO TO OIL AND GAS  DRILLING RIGS PEB1012 Floating Type: This rig has a pontoon and columns that help to flood and caused the unit to submerge in water to a predetermined depth. Capable of drilling in water depth of up to 3000 m. Semi-submersible INTRO TO OIL AND GAS  DRILLING RIGS PEB1012 Floating Type: Drillships are not as stable as semi submersible rigs. They position themselves with either anchors or dynamic positioning systems (DPS). Capable of drilling in water depth more than 3500 m. Drillship INTRO TO OIL AND GAS  DRILLING RIGS PEB1012 Other Offshore Rigs: INTRO TO OIL AND GAS  DRILLING COMPONENTS PEB1012 Drilling rig components can be classified as follows: Rotary System Well Control Hoisting & Monitoring System System Circulating Power System System INTRO TO OIL AND GAS  DRILLING COMPONENTS PEB1012 ROTARY SYSTEM Top Drive Rotary table & kelly The rotary system provides rotational motion to the drillstring. INTRO TO OIL AND GAS  DRILLING COMPONENTS PEB1012 HOISTING SYSTEM The hoisting system is used to lower or raise the drillstring, casing, and other equipment. Derrick INTRO TO OIL AND GAS  DRILLING COMPONENTS PEB1012 POWER SYSTEM The power system is used to provide raw power (prime mover) to carry out the drilling operation. Raw power includes: diesel engines, steam engines, and spark ignition engines. Raw power is transmitted through AC, DC and mechanical drives INTRO TO OIL AND GAS DRILLING COMPONENTS PEB1012 POWER SYSTEM INTRO TO OIL AND GAS DRILLING COMPONENTS PEB1012 CIRCULATING SYSTEM The circulating system is used to circulate drilling fluid (mud) from the surface to the hole and back to the surface. INTRO TO OIL AND GAS  DRILLING COMPONENTS PEB1012 CIRCULATING SYSTEM Mud pump : circulates drilling mud in the system Shale shaker : removes drilled cuttings from the drilling mud Desander : removes granular waste from the drilling mud Desilter : removes fine particles from the drilling mud Degasser : removes entrained gases from the drilling mud INTRO TO OIL AND GAS  DRILLING COMPONENTS PEB1012 WELL CONTROL & MONITORING SYSTEM Derrick Well control system is used to contain the pressure while drilling to ensure safe drilling operation. INTRO TO OIL AND GAS  DRILLING COMPONENTS PEB1012 WELL CONTROL & MONITORING SYSTEM Driller’s console Well monitoring system use real time devices to monitor the drilling operation for safety and security. INTRO TO OIL AND GAS  DRILLING COMPONENTS PEB1012 DRILLSTRING COMPONENTS Drillpipe Drillpipe : A steel pipe available in three length ranges:18 – 22ft, 27 – Stabilizer 30ft and 38 – 45ft. Stabilizer : A short pipe with either straight or spiral blades on the external surface. It reduces buckling and bending stresses. Drill Collar Drill collar : Thicker steel pipe than the drill pipe that provides weight on the drill bit. Drill bit : A cutting tool used to create cylindrical holes. Drill Bit Drillstring Assembly INTRO TO OIL AND GAS  DRILLING COMPONENTS PEB1012 DRILL BITS Drill bits are special tools used to break the formation rock during drilling operation. Most bits work by scraping or crushing the rock, or both, usually as part of a rotational motion. The broken rocks usually referred to as “cuttings” are removed from by well through the annulus during circulation. INTRO TO OIL AND GAS  PROCESS OF DRILLING PEB1012 SEQUENCE OF DRILLING OPERATION 1. Drilling program 2. Rig setup 3. Make a hole by drilling 4. Casing setup 5. Cement the gap between casing and hole (annulus) 6. Repeat steps 3, 4, & 5, using smaller drill bit and casing 7. At reservoir zone (pay zone), complete the well by perforation with tubing installation. INTRO TO OIL AND GAS  PROCESS OF DRILLING PEB1012 SEQUENCE OF DRILLING OPERATION Rig Setup Drill a hole, case and Drill smaller holes, cement case and cement At pay zone, perforate casing and insert tubing for production INTRO TO OIL AND GAS  PROCESS OF DRILLING PEB1012 CASING CONFIGURATION Conductor casing : Prevents washing out of surface soil. Surface casing : Protects freshwater sources and for installing BOP. Intermediate casing : Protects abnormal zones. Production casing : Isolates reservoir from damage. INTRO TO OIL AND GAS  PROCESS OF DRILLING PEB1012 OIL WELL CEMENTING This refers to the process of introducing cement slurry to the annular space between the wellbore and casing or between two successive casing strings The function is to achieve zonal isolation and a good cement to pipe bond INTRO TO OIL AND GAS  WELL COMPLETION TYPE PEB1012 Well completion is the process of making a well ready for production. This principally involves: 1. Preparing the bottom of the hole to the required specifications. 2. Running in the production tubing and its associated down hole tools. 3. Perforating and stimulating the well. Well completion can be grouped into: open hole and cased hole completion. INTRO TO OIL AND GAS WELL COMPLETION TYPE PEB1012 OPEN-HOLE COMPLETION Also called barefoot completion. The production casing is set and cemented at a depth just above the pay zone. This completion type is preferred in consolidated formations which can prevent caving and sloughing. This completion type is liable to sand production in the future life of the well. INTRO TO OIL AND GAS WELL COMPLETION TYPE PEB1012 SLOTTED LINER COMPLETION The casing is set and cemented at a depth just above the pay zone and uncemented slotted liner installed across the pay zone. This completion type is used where there is the risk of wellbore instability such as wellbore collapse. INTRO TO OIL AND GAS  WELL COMPLETION TYPE PEB1012 EXTERNAL GRAVEL PACK COMPLETION An open hole or cased hole gravel pack is used when the sand particles are too fine or abrasive for a plain screen. Mostly used in weak sandstones and unconsolidated rocks. INTRO TO OIL AND GAS  WELL COMPLETION TYPE PEB1012 PERFORATED LINER COMPLETION A liner is casing that hangs from the bottom of the intermediate casing. It is cemented and perforated selectively for production. INTRO TO OIL AND GAS  WELL COMPLETION TYPE PEB1012 PERFORATED LINER COMPLETION Perforating Gun The production casing is cemented and perforated using a perforation gun for hydrocarbon production. INTRO TO OIL AND GAS  WELL COMPLETION TYPE PEB1012 MULTIPLE ZONE COMPLETION A multiple zone completion is a type of completion which allows operators to selectively produce or commingle reservoir fluids from different pay zones in one well. A multiple zone completion can be divided into two parts, which are single string completion and multiple string completion. INTRO TO OIL AND GAS WELL COMPLETION TYPE PEB1012 SINGLE STRING COMPLETION This completion type consists of a single tubing string in a well. Packers are set above each pay zone in order to isolate fluid from each zone. The packer isolate each pay zone to prevent corrosion in the production casing due to the reservoir fluid. INTRO TO OIL AND GAS WELL COMPLETION TYPE PEB1012 MULTIPLE STRING COMPLETION This type of completion consists of two or more tubing strings in a well. This has the ability to produce and inject into different pay zones simultaneously. This is however very expensive to install. INTRO TO OIL AND GAS THANK YOU PEB1012 QUESTIONS? INTRO TO OIL AND GAS