Introduction to Microbiology PDF

Enclonar, Kimberly / MLS 3A Detrimental effects of microorganisms Introduction to Microbiology o...

Enclonar, Kimberly / MLS 3A Detrimental effects of microorganisms Introduction to Microbiology o Overwhelm the human system by their force of October 14, 2020 number Marx P. Catalan, RMT, MSMT ▪ Opportunistic infections □ Microorganisms introduced to cavities Microbiology that does not have a normal flora The study of microorganisms, which are unicellular or □ 1 organism in the CSF is always multicellular microscopic organisms. harmful Diverse groups of microorganisms o Produce powerful toxins that interfere with body o Eukaryotic cells (fungi, parasites, protists) functions o Prokaryotes o Viruses inflict damages by replicating within o Viruses tissue cells causing tissue degeneration Includes the study of host-microorganism interactions o Mechanisms of pathogenesis o Host immune response History Milestones Broad scientific term that encompasses Ancient History o Virology Jainism (ancient religion of India) ▪ Viruses are not cells, however they are o Postulated existence of unseen microbiological similar because they contain nucleic acid. life (living in earth, water, air and fire) based on □ DNA or RNA but never both Mahavira's teaching as early as 6th century o Described "nigodas" which are submicroscopic Non-living thing when they are not inside the cell. Living thing when inside the cell. creatures living in clusters and having a short life o Mycology and said to pervade each and every part of the o Parasitology universe o Bacteriology Marcus Terrentius Varro o A great Roman Scholar, warned against locating Germs a homestead in the vicinity of swamps. o Because there are bred of certain minute Microorganisms - are the scientific name for what most people refer to as "germs" creatures which cannot be seen by the eyes, Medical Microbiology - branch of microbiology which float in the air and enter the body through concerned with pathogenic microbiology the mouth and nose and thereby causing serious General Microbiology - involved with the total diseases. spectrum of microorganisms Girolamo Fracastoro o An Italian Physician, postulated in 1546 that The largest majority of microorganisms have nothing to do with infectious disease. epidemic diseases were caused by transferable 99% of microorganisms contribute to the quality of seed like entities that could transmit infections human life by direct or indirect contact, or even without o Maintains balance of chemicals in the contact over long distance environment Aristotle o Form foundation of many food chains in the o A Greek Philosopher (384-322BC), was the world earliest scholar to articulate the “Spontaneous o Help break down remains of all that dies Generation Theory.” o He proposed that life arose from non-living Benefits for humans o They retard pathogenic bacteria from gaining a material if the material contained pneuma “vital food hold heat”. His evidences include: ▪ Analogous to "weed establishment" ▪ Appearance of animals in environment □ They compete with space and previously devoid of animals nutrients □ Secrete their own antibiotics Modern History ▪ Produce many of the foods we eat Robert Hooke ▪ Cultivated to be used as vitamins, enzymes, o An English Scientist, observed cells in slices of organic acids, and growth factors cork tissue and strands of fungi among the ▪ Source of antibiotics specimens he viewed □ Contains attenuated microorganisms Normal flora - normally residing in some parts of our Modern Proponents of the "Spontaneous Generation" body Theory o Not in John Needham ▪ Circulatory system o An English Biologist, performed a series of ▪ CNS experiments using boiled broths. He believed ▪ Urinary tract system that boiling will kill all living things, he showed ▪ Lower respiratory tract that when sealed right after boiling, the broths o Some are normal in small amounts would cloud, allowing the belief of this theory to ▪ Clostridium defficile in small intestines persist □ May be capable of producing toxins □ Antibiotic associated pseudomembranous colitis ▪ Candida albicans in the mouth and vagina □ Our immune response prevents it from proliferation □ Causes oral trush and vaginal trush  Enclonar, Kimberly / MLS 3A Challengers of the "Spontaneous Generation" Theory 1. The organisms must be found in abundance to all Francesco Redi diseased animals but not on healthy animals o An Italian Physician, performed an experiment 2. The organism must be isolated from the diseased refuting the idea that maggots spontaneously animal and must grow in pure culture generate on meat left out in the open air. He 3. The cultured organism must cause disease when predicted that preventing flies from having introduced to a healthy organism direct contact with the meat would also prevent 4. The organism must be re-isolated from the inoculated the appearance of maggots. diseased animal and identified as identical to the original causative agent Classification and Taxonomy Taxonomy Orderly classification of organisms into taxa (categories) Involves three structured and interrelated categories o Classification or Taxonomy o Nomenclature o Identification Based on the similarities and differences in genotype Louis Pasteur and phenotype o A French Biologist and Microbiologist, made a o Genotype: DNA or RNA sequences series of flasks with long twisted necks “swan o Phenotype: microscopic and colonial necked” in which he boiled the broth to sterilize morphology it. His design allowed exchange of air inside out, but prevented the introduction of any airborne microorganisms. o He correctly predicted that sterilized broth in his swan necked flask will remain sterile as long as the “swan neck” remains intact. However, should the necks be broken, microorganisms would be introduced, contaminating the flask , and allowing microbial growth within the broth. o Broth - nutritive liquid substance (chicken broth) Traditional Placement and Naming of Organisms Family – similar to a human clan o Human: Hemsworth Clan o Organism: Enterobacteriaceae Genus – equivalent to human last name o Human: Hemsworth o Organism: Escherichia Species (epithet) o Human: sapiens Germ Theory of Disease o Organism: coli Certain diseases, are caused by the invasion of microorganisms in the body, organisms that are too Nomenclature: Standard Rules small to be seen. Family name – capitalized and has an “aceae” ending Proponents o Enterobacteriaceae o Louis Pasteur (French Biologist) o Micrococcaceae ▪ Showed that fermentation and Genus is capitalized followed by the species epithet; putrefaction are caused by organisms in italicized in print, but underlined when written in the air script o Joseph Lister (English Surgeon) Genus can be abbreviated, using the first letter, ▪ revolutionized surgical practice by using capitalized, followed by a period, and the species carbolic acid (phenol) to exclude organisms epithet and thus prevent putrefaction in o E. coli compound fractures in bones If two different species start with the same letter, first o Robert Koch (German Physician) two letters or the first syllabus are used: ▪ identified the organisms that cause o Staph & Strep – Staphylococcus and tuberculosis and cholera and provided Streptococcus proof by culturing the bacteria that cause o Esch.coli & Ent.coli – Escherichia coli & anthrax leading to the formulation of the Entamoeba coli “Koch’s postulate” To refer the genus name followed by the word “species” (sp. – singular, spp. – plural) Koch's Postulate o Escherichia species Formulated by Robert Koch o Staphylococcus spp. Provided a set of principles whereby the cause of a To refer to a group of organism, their names are particular disease could be identified neither capitalized nor underlined  Enclonar, Kimberly / MLS 3A o staphylococci Classification Based on Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics Subspecies: based on phenotypic differences. Abbreviated as “subsp.” o Treponema pallidum subsp.pallidum o Treponema pallidum subsp.carateum Serovarieties: based on serologic difference. Abbreviated as “serovar” o Leptospira interrogans serovar.copenhagini Biovarieties: based on biochemical test result differences. Abbreviated as “biovar” o Neisseria subflava biovar.perflava