4U Bio HO packg1 PDF - Lesson Plans (SBI 4UO)

# LESSON PLANS Course-SBI 4UO ## Unit- Chemical Basis of Life | Day | Lesson | Homework | |---|---|---| | 1 | - define biology - start description of characteristics of life - complete review sheet | | | 3 | - quiz on life characteristics - describe hierarchy of matter | - make hierarchy within cells | | 4 | - quiz on hierarchy - describe thermodynamics - describe Bohr-Rutherford models, Lewis models - describe ions, isotopes and valence | | | 5 | - describe ionic and covalent bonds (pure, polar) - describe isomers - finish worksheet on chemistry | | ## Biology: the study of life ### What is Life? ### Characteristics of Life: 1. **Metabolism:** chemical reactions which build up material (anabolism) or break down material (catabolism) 2. **Reproduction** using nucleic acids - **Asexual reproduction:** 1 cell makes 2 cells with identical nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) - **Types of Asexual Reproduction** - **Binary fission:** 1 cell makes 2 cells of the same size e.g. amoeba - **Vegetative Propagation:** part of the plant forms a new plant e.g. spider plant - **Budding:** 1 cell makes 2 cells of unequal size e.g. yeast - **Fragmentation:** part of an animal grows into a new animal e.g. planaria - **Regeneration:** regrowth of lost limbs, usually smaller than original limbs e.g. salamander tails - **Spore Formation:** single cells remain dormant in a case until proper conditions for growth occur e.g. toadstools - **Sexual reproduction:** 2 cells (gametes) join to make 1 organism with mixed nucleic acids - gametes have half nucleic acids (haploid) and join to make full nucleic acids (diploid) - male gamete (smaller) is called sperm (e.g. pollen) - female gamete (larger, with food) is called egg - egg and sperm join (fertilization) to produce a zygote which divides (blastula), differentiates (embryo) and grows (fetus) ### Reproduction continued... - **Advantages of Asexual Reproduction:** little energy expended (no mates needed), advantageous traits are all passed on - **Disadvantage of Asexual Reproduction:** less variety reduces adaptability of organism - **Advantages of Sexual Reproduction:** more variety to survive environmental change - **Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction:** more energy is expended, not all offspring have advantageous traits 3. **Growth**: cells of organisms grow larger. Materials diffuse through a cell so size is limited, volume will increase at a faster rate than surface area, so cell must split to survive 4. **Movement under own power:** cells use chemical energy (usually adenosine triphosphate) to move themselves 5. **Respond to Stimulus** (change in the environment) - **receptor cells:** receive messages from environment - **e.g.** - chemoreceptors detect chemicals (e.g. tongue, nose) - photoreceptors detect light (e.g. eyes) - mechanoreceptors detect touch, movement (e.g. skin, ears) - thermoreceptors detect changes in temperature - **afferent nerves:** carry messages to the spine - **association nerves:** in the spine and brain, decide how to respond to the message - **efferent nerves:** carry messages from the spine - **effectors:** cells that respond to stimulus (muscle or glands) 6. **Alter the Environment** - material is produced or used up from the environment - **e.g.** oxygen and sugar are consumed - wastes are produced (solid = feces, liquid = urine, gas = carbon dioxide, inethane, energy = heat) ### Quiz next day on six characteristics of life ### Work on MSDS safety sheets for remainder of class (collect these questions next day) # BIOLOGY - the word "biology" comes from two Greek words.... "bios (which means "life") and “logos” (which means the study of) - so ....biology literally means “ the study of life" ### THE BIG QUESTION IS... “WHAT IS LIFE?????" - humans have defined a living thing (an organism) as... "anything that does the six characteristics of life on its own" ***remember that some books define more than the six, but that's all we'll use here # ORGANISM ****if categorized according to complexity...all organisms are either: | | | | |:---|:---|:---| | **UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS** | **SIMPLE MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS** | **COMPLEX MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS** | ## THE SIX CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE 1. **MOVEMENT UNDER OWN POWER** - all organisms use their own energy to move or change their position 2. **ALTER THE ENVIRONMENT** - all organisms change the concentration of...solids, liquids, gases, and heat energy (temperature) in the area around them 3. **GROWTH** - all organisms increase in the size of their cell(s)...(and also number of cells if they are multicellular) 4. **RESPOND TO STIMULUS** - all organism react to changes around them **** organisms respond according to their complexity - **e.g.** for humans... because of our complex structure we respond in a complex way...and have "selectivity" with respect to whether(and how much) we respond to a stimulus - 1) **STIMULUS**...any change in the environment(internal or external) - **e.g.** shinning a light in your eyes 2. **RECEPTORS**...cells specialized in detecting quantitative and qualitative changes in the stimulus ****humans have four (4) types of receptors; - a) **photoreceptors**... cells specialized in detecting quantitative and qualitative changes in light (eg. our eye) - b) **mechanoreceptors**... cells specialized in detecting quantitative and qualitative detect changes in pressure (eg. ears and sense of touch) - c) **chemoreceptors**.... cells specialized in detecting quantitative and qualitative deteet changes in materials/substances (eg. taste and smell) - d) **thermoreceptors**... cells specialized in detecting quantitative and qualitative changes in temperature (eg. hot and cold) 3. **TRANSMITTERS**...these are nerves that inform the CNS of the stimulus AND take messages from the CNS to body parts to respond to the stimulus - **EFFECTORS**...these are cells specialized to take action or carry out the response - **e.g.** muscles or glands 5. **METABOLISM** - all organisms have chemical reactions in them that allow the other characteristics to occur - **NOTE...all of these reactions can be categorized as:** - **ANABOLISM** - the chemical reactions that increase size and store chemical bond energy - **e.g.** photosynthesis - **CATABOLISM** - the chemical reactions that decrease cell size and chemical bond energy - **e.g.** cellular respiration 6. **REPRODUCTION** - all organisms make more of the same kind by either: - **ASEXUAL REPRO.** - one organism splits to make more genetically identical organisms - **e.g.** 1) **Binary Fission** - unicellular organism split into two identical organisms - **e.g** - 2) **Budding** - a bulge forms on a unicellular organism or SMO that develops into a new organism - **e.g** - 3) **Fragmentation** - an SMO is broken into pieces and each piece develops into an organism - **e.g** - 4) **Vegetative Propagation** - a piece of some plants breaks off and grows into a full plant - **e.g** - **SEXUAL REPRO.** - two join/unite to create new genetically different organisms ****the cells that join are given many names - **e.g.**egg and sperm - positive and negative - oocyte and spermatocyte - etc. - ***in a humans..... - egg + sperm(both made via meiosis) - zygote - via mitosis becomes a mass of cells - differentiation occurs ## MITOSIS VS MEIOSIS - these are types of cell division where one cell duplications its DNA and the cell divides | | | |:---|:---| | -one cell splits to make cells that are genetically and are in nature | -one cell splits to make cells that are genetically and are in nature | | | | |:---:|:---:| | **Diploid** -the normal DNA count for **e.g** | VS. **Haploid** -the normal DNA count for **e.g** | # LESSON PLANS Course-SBI 4UO ## Unit- Chemical Basis of Life | Day | Lesson | Homework | |---|---|---| | 3 | - quiz on life characteristics - describe hierarchy of matter | - make hierarchy within cells | ## Hierarchy of Matter - an arrangement of matter from least complex to most complex 1. **Elementary particles** - have mass and volume, smallest units of matter - **e.g.** p+ protons, no neutrons, e- electrons 2. **Atoms/elements** a collection of elementary particles - **e.g.** C, H, O, N, S, P, Na, K, Ca, Fe 3. **Molecules/compounds** – two or more atoms bonded together - **e.g.** H₂O, CO2, O2, H2, NaCl 4. **Complex compounds** - large groups of bonded atoms - **e.g.** carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids 5. **Organelles** - functional units of eukaryotic cells - **e.g.** mitochondria, chloroplast, nucleus 6. **Cells**-smallest living things with all characteristics of life - **Organism:** able to carry out life functions on its own - **Unicellular organism:** 1 cell large, must be on their own (bacteria, protozoa) - **Simple Multicellular Organisms:** can live on own or in groups (volvox, slime molds) - **Complex Multicellular Organisms:** must live as a group of cells - **Hierarchy of complex multicellular organisms** 1. **cells** smallest living parts 2. **tissue** - group of cells with same function (e.g. muscle) 3. **organ**-group of tissues with same function (eg. Heart) 4. **organ system** - group of organs doing same function (e.g. digestive system) 7. **Population** - A number of one species in one place at one time - **e.g.** There are 100 people in this room today 8. **Ecosystem** - a group of populations (community) interacting with the environment - **Biotic** living components of ecosystem - **Abiotic** - non-living components of ecosystem - **e.g.** forest with rocks, birds and deer is an ecosystem 9. **Biome** - a group of communities interacting with each other over a very large area with similar climate - **e.g.** tundra, boreal forest 10. **Biogeographical area** -large area with a number of biomes (a continent...e.g. Australia) 11. **Biosphere** - surface of planet with living things (e.g. surface of earth) ### Work on hierarchy within cells and functions of cell parts # LESSON PLANS Course-SBI 4UO ## Unit- Chemical Basis of Life | Day | Lesson | Homework | |---|---|---| | 4 | - quiz on hierarchy - describe thermodynamics | - describe Bohr-Rutherford models, Lewis models - describe ions, isotopes and valence | ## Laws of Thermodynamics 1. **Conservation of Energy:** energy is not created or destroyed in a closed system although it may change form 2. **Energy moves/changes into more random forms (usually thermal/heat)** ## Elementary Particles - smallest particles of matter | Name | Charge | Symbol | Location | Mass (1 amu = 1.67 x 10-24g) | |---|---|---|---|---| | PROTON | + | p+ | nucleus | 1 u | | ELECTRON | - | e- | shells | 0 u (very small) | | NEUTRON | 0 | n0 | nucleus | 1 u | ## Bohr-Rutherford Models (only works for first 20 elements) (follow stable octet rule: electrons fill shells around nucleus with 2 e- or 8e- in outer shells) - **126C** - 12 = atomic mass (p+ + n0) - 6 = atomic number (p+, usually same number of e- unless charged) - C = symbol (e.g. carbon) - **e.g. 6 p+, 6 n0, 6 e-, Carbon, draw with 6 p+ and 6 n0 in center, 2 e- in first shell, 4 e- in next shell** - **Try 146C and 73Li + (+ charge for each e- lost, - charge for each e- gained)** - **Carbon: 6 P+, 6 e-, 8 n0 Lithium: 3 P+, 2 e-, 4 n0** ## Change number of protons = new atom ## Change number of electrons = ION (charged atoms) e.g. Mg2+ (lost 2 e-), Cl- (gained 1 e-) ## Change number of neutrons = ISOTOPE (two atoms of same type with different mass) - **157N has 7 p+, 8 n0, 7 e- 147N has 7 p+, 7 n0, 7 e- ** - **Both are nitrogen** ## Valence electrons: electrons in outer shell of atom - **e.g. 3517Cl has 2 e- in first shell, 8 e- in second shell, 7 e- in third shell so 7 valence e-** - **this is drawn with a Lewis structure that shows only the symbol and valence e-** ## Assign Text books and homework # LESSON PLANS Course-SBI 4UO ## Unit- Chemical Basis of Life | Day | Lesson | Homework | |---|---|---| | 5 | - describe ionic and covalent bonds (pure, polar) - describe isomers - finish worksheet on chemistry | | ## Chemical Bonds: - two or more atoms join together using "chemical bonds"...atoms do this while attempting to fill their valence shell with electrons by gaining, losing or sharing electrons - when the outer shell is filled the atom is stable ## Valence: - number of valence electrons needed to gain/lose in order to fill valence shell ## Ionic bonds: - form when one atom gives electrons to another to complete valence shells and ions form - the atoms with opposite charge are attracted to each other...this attraction is an ionic bond - **e.g.** Li has 1 valence electron and F has 7 valence electrons - To fill the outer shell, Li must lose 1 e- (or gain 7...easier to lose 1) while F must gain 1 e- (r lose 7...easier to gain 1) - Li will give a single electron to F resulting in a + charge for Li and a - charge for F - LiF forms as the opposite charges attract - ionic bonds form between metals and non-metals ## Covalent bonds: - form when one atom shares electrons with another atom - **e.g.** F has 7 valence electrons and two F may join when they share one pair of electrons (giving both 8) - F₂ results - N has 5 valence electrons and may complete the valence shell by sharing 3 electrons with another N - These three pairs of shared electrons form a triple bond (one for each shared pair) - These bonds form between non-metals or anything with a hydrogen - **Pure covalent bond:** if atoms share the electrons equally they form a pure covalent bond (usually from atoms of the same type... H2, Cl2, F2, O2) - **Electronegativity:** ability of an atom to attract electrons - If two atoms have the same electronegativity, a pure covalent bond results - If the electronegativity is different, one atom will get the electrons slightly more of the time than the other - This results in a slight positive charge (+dipole) on the atom with the lower electronegativity and a slight negative charge (-dipole) on the atom with the higher electronegativity - **e.g.** In water O has greater electronegativity than H so O has a - dipole and H has a + dipole - **The bonding is called-Polar Covalent if it results in dipole formation** - **Molecular Formula:** shows the number and type of atoms - **Structural Formula:** shows the arrangement of atoms - **Draw the molecular and structural formula of glucose and fructose** - **Isomer:** two atoms with the same structural formula but different molecular formula are called isomers - **e.g.** fructose and glucose ### Complete sheets on chemistry and hand in # FUNCTIONAL GROUPS | GROUP NAME | CHEMICAL FORMULA | STRUCTURAL FORMULA | FOUND IN?? | |---|---|---|---| | HYDROXYL | | | | | CARBONYL (aldehyde) | | | | | CARBOXYL | | | | | KETONE (see carbonyl) | | | | | AMINO | | | | | SULPHAHYDRYL (DISULHIDE) | | | | | PHOSPHATE | | | | | ACETYL | | | | | ESTER | | | | # FUNCTIONAL GROUPS ## NAME: ## List the functional group present in each of the following molecules. Circle each one. When naming functional groups, simply write the name beside the group in the molecule. (use pencil) - CH3CH2CH=CH-OH - Vitamin A1 - OH - CH3 - CH3 - CH3 - (nepetalactone, one constituent of catnip) - CH2=CH-O-CH=CH2 (an anesthetic) - OH CH3CH-C-H propanal (methyl phenyl ketone) (97%) - H - H-C-S-H - H - CHSH (methanethiol) - CH3CH-C-H ecanal (acedehyde) (testosterone, a male sex hormone) - H - CH2OH - (male boll-weevil sex attractant) - O - C=O - CH3 - Acetophenone - 0 - CH3 - (obtained from peppermint oil) - 0 - CH3 - Acetophenone - H - H-C-OH - HO-C-H - H-C-OH - H-C-OH - CH2OH (glucose, a sugar) - CCH3 - [-NH-(CH2)3-NH-C-(CH2)4-C-L - (nylea) - OH - wintergreen - C-O-CH3 - O - O - CH3-C-CH3 - propanone - (acetone) - CH2OCR - CHOCR - CH2-O-P-OH - OH - A phosphatidic acid - (a diacylglycerophosphate) # CHEMISTRY OF LIFE ## name:_ 1. Why is studying chemistry essential for the study of biology? 2. List the names of the following elements... - C - H - N - P - Na - S - O - K - Circle the two elements above that are found in all organic compounds 3. Write all the information you can about the following elements, including Bohr-Rutherford drawings... (include name, mass, atomic number, p+, e-, n0, and valence electrons) - 157N - 3517Cl - 3216S (2 charge) 4. (a) If the number of electrons is changed, but protons and reutrons remain constant, an _is formed. - Adding electrons results in a _charge - Losing electrons results in a _charge - (b) If the number of neutrons is changed, but protons and electrons remain constant, an _is formed. - These are often radioactive. What element in the human body is radioactive? - Write the symbol, mass and atomic number. - (c) If the number of protons is changed, but neutrons and electrons remain constant, an _A_ is formed. - _reaction_ is required for this change to occur 5. Why do elements form bonds? 6. Describe how 2311Na and 3517Cl form an ionic bond using Lewis dct diagrams and a brief description. (on back of page) 7. Describe how 188O forms a double covalent bond with itself using Lewis dot diagrams and a brief description. (on back of page)

4U Bio HO packg1 PDF - Lesson Plans (SBI 4UO)

Document Details

Tags

Related

Summary

Full Transcript