4N PEEL Notes PDF

Sec 4N Social Studies SRQ Notes CHAPTER 1: What does citizenship mean to me? 1. Legal Status Point One attribute that shapes one’s understanding of citizenship would be one’s legal status. Elaboration Legally recognised as a citizen of a country Granted by d...

Sec 4N Social Studies SRQ Notes CHAPTER 1: What does citizenship mean to me? 1. Legal Status Point One attribute that shapes one’s understanding of citizenship would be one’s legal status. Elaboration Legally recognised as a citizen of a country Granted by descent, marriage, country of birth, or naturalisation Allows one to enjoy legal rights Will have to fulfil duties and responsibilities to the country Some examples of legal rights are: o Right to equal protection o Equal before the law o Freedom of speech o Compulsory primary education Some examples of legal responsibilities are: o Abide by the law o Uphold racial harmony o National Service o Pay taxes Explanation This attribute helps to shape one’s understanding of citizenship because: Feel like valued members of society – enjoy certain privileges that others cannot enjoy Play a part in contributing back to Singapore by carrying out responsibilities Helps build a sense of belonging to Singapore Link Thus, one’s legal status can help to shape one’s understanding of their citizenship. 2. Sense of identity One attribute that shapes one’s understanding of citizenship would be one’s sense of Point identity. Elaboration How you perceive yourself and how others perceive you. This will affect your behaviour Language spoken - Singlish Common practices / habits / way of life Common history / experiences Common experience of eating at hawker centers Heritage of hawker food – multiracial cuisines Habit of ‘choping’ tables with tissue paper / umbrellas Meeting point for people from all walks of life Explanation Help us feel closer to our fellow Singaporeans and country Able to bond and connect with our fellow Singaporeans Helps build a sense of belonging and home to Singapore Link Thus, one’s sense of identity can help to shape one’s understanding of their citizenship. 3. Shared Values One attribute that shapes one’s understanding of citizenship would be a sense of shared Point values. Elaboration Common principles and beliefs that shapes our attitude, thinking and behaviour. Similar values influence thinking, attitudes and behaviours. For example, Multiculturalism: understand and respect differences, to form good relationships with people from different races and religion Explanation Will take pride and identify such values as an essential part of being a Singaporean. Build a sense of belonging to Singapore when people are able to identify with such common values and behave in similar ways. Link Thus, a sense of shared values can help to shape one’s understanding of their citizenship. 4. Civic Participation One attribute that shapes one’s understanding of citizenship would be a sense of shared Point values. 1  Elaboration Individuals Organised Groups Citizens can actively take part in Public affairs are situations that people are public affairs generally interested in / concerned about, such Public affairs = situations that as social issues people are generally interested in / Citizens can set up informal groups to concerned about social issues temporarily to address a particular Volunteering their time, effort and concern/need or formal groups to cater to money in matters that they are specific needs and interests over a long time. concerned about One example of informal Groups: Mr Nigel Teo Mr Andy Teo used social media to developed an app, GoodHood.SG, to promote set up a project called “Temporary neighbourliness in Singapore 🡪 people asking Academic Assistance” to connect neighbours for help / offering help students with volunteer tutors as One example of formal Groups: NGOs like there was a need when schools ZeroWaste SG to promote zero waste in moved to Full Home-Based Singapore OR SSAs like SGEnable to enable Learning during the COVID-19 people with disabilities and promote an Pandemic. 250 Singaporeans inclusive society volunteered. Explanation The commitment that we have to the causes that we are involved in creates a sense of ownership to the country. Build a sense of belonging to Singapore when people feel that we are able to make a difference to the country. Link Thus, civic participation can help to shape one’s understanding of their citizenship. Chapter 2: What are the Functions and Roles of the Government in working for the Good of Society? 1. Maintaining Law and Order One role of the government can play for the good of society would be maintaining law and Point order. Elaboration The Singapore government preserves safety and security by ensuring that citizens’ lives and properties are protected from harmful acts. For example, the Singapore Police Force (SPF) aims to prevent, deter and detect crime, and its work is wide-ranging. To maintain law and order, the government must also ensure justice. The courts and law enforcement agencies that investigate crimes seek to ensure that justice is served in every case. For example, a former Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB) assistant was convicted for misusing money entrusted to his care. He was failed for 10 years. Explanation The government can work for the good of society by maintaining law and order because it can deter unlawful behaviour and ensure order within society. It will then build confidence in the people that everyone will be treated equally and thus the laws will be respected and taken seriously. Link Thus, one role that the government can play to work for the good of society is to maintain law and order. 2. Ensure the Economic and Social Well-Being of Citizens One role of the government can play for the good of society would be ensuring the Point economic and social well-being of citizens. Elaboration Economic and social well-being refers to the situation whereby an individual not only has his/her basic needs for food, water and shelter met, but also can pursue his/her goals and enjoy a satisfactory quality of life. One way for the government to ensure citizens’ economic and social well-being is by devoting significant resources to provide goods and services to the public. o For example, the Central Provident Fund (CPF) is a comprehensive savings plan that provides a foundation for the retirement of most Singaporeans. It can also be used to buy a home, pay for healthcare expenses and take care of loved ones. In addition to ensuring that citizens’ basic needs are met, the government also create conditions for grow and opportunity. 2  An example is the SkillsFuture programme, a national movement to provide Singaporeans with opportunities to develop their fullest potential throughout life, regardless of their starting points, through skills mastery and lifelong learning. Explanation The government can work for the good of society by ensuring the economic and social well-being of citizens as it will ensure that the needs of citizens are met. Citizens will also feel a sense of security living in the country, knowing that the government protects their interests. Thus, they will be encouraged to do their best for the country. Link Thus, one role that the government can play to work for the good of society is to ensure the economic and social well-being of the citizens. 3. Promote and Protect a Country’s National Interests One role of the government can play for the good of society would be promoting and Point protecting a country’s national interests. Governments engage in diplomacy to Singapore can also promote and Elaboration develop foreign relations, and promote protect its national interests through and protect the country’s national deterrence. interests. Deterrence refers to measures a Diplomacy is the practice of obtaining country takes to discourage potential agreement between countries to aggressors by making it costly for them cooperate in order to produce results to attack. that align with their interests. Singapore actively forges strong For example, the Ministry of Defence bilateral relationships. For example, develops the Singapore Armed Forces Singapore maintains strong bilateral (SAF) to respond to military threats. relations with Malaysia. This services The SAF has tapped on advances in Singapore’s national interests by technology and artificial intelligence to ensuring Singapore’s water security. build its capacities. Singapore also establishes multilateral The SAF’s command and control relationships with other countries by information system uses artificial being in ASEAN (Association of intelligence and data analytics to Southeast Asian Nations). Through recognise quickly how an enemy looks, ASEAN, Singapore has been able to calculate the time need for enemies to partner with countries in the RCEP reach a strike location, and (Regional Comprehensive Economic recommend a strike location and which Partnership), and this protects weapons to use against threats. This Singapore’s economic interests. allows commanders to attack with greater speed, ease and precision. With these agencies like the Ministry of Defence and Ministry of Foreign Affairs, they Explanation will work together to ensure that Singapore’s sovereignty and interests are protected, thereby ensuring Singapore’s independence and stability. Link Thus, one role that the government can play to work for the good of society is to promote and protect Singapore’s national interests. Chapter 3 Part 1: Why is it challenging to decide what is good for society? Factor 1: Differing Needs and Interests Point There are two different kinds of needs: Interests Basic Needs: people often agree on the Interests refer to things that are basic needs for survival. For example, the directly or indirectly related to the need for water, food and shelter. fulfilment of need. However, needs for well-being may vary. For example, in terms of physical For example, individual who has more exercise, it maybe an interest to wealth will not see having job as a need, as some, but could be a need for a compared to one who may see a job as a senior citizen who has been given need because the job provides him or her doctor’s instruction to exercise with an income for greater well-being. daily. Example and Society can agree on certain basic needs. Society consists of a diverse population e.g. Elaboration different groups of people different with interests and needs, may not able to agree on common interests. 3  For example, there are differing needs and interests in transportation. People with cars hope for an efficient road network. However, people without cars hope for an efficient public transport system. Explanation Thus, when deciding for the good of society, it requires complex decision-making as and Link Singapore has limited resources. Not everyone’s needs can be catered to. Need to manage responses from different groups of people after a decision is made. Factor 2: Differing Priorities Point Citizens may agree that it is important for government to provide affordable healthcare, good education and clean environment. Disagree on which areas government should prioritise. Example and For example, the elderly would prioritise healthcare. While parents would prioritise Elaboration developing a good education system, and environmentalists would prioritise providing a clean environment. Explanation While citizens might have similar needs, they might not prioritise them similarly. Complex and Link decision-making for the government on what to prioritise. Challenge to manage citizens’ responses after a decision is made. Factor 3: Unequal Sharing of Costs Point When a decision is made, it may benefit society in general but it can have a negative impact on certain groups of people. Some individuals or groups will bear greater costs than others. Example and For example, The government decides to build an expressway near a public housing Elaboration estate, for smoother traffic. Everyone will benefit from this decision as building expressways would improve traffic flow for commuters. However, this may come at a cost for those living near the expressways due to the noise generated and air pollution. Explanation NIMBY (Not-In-My-Back-Yard) syndrome can be a challenge when government makes and Link decisions. Groups or individuals are against decisions made by the government and it has to think of ways to compensate, compromise and appease the citizens Chapter 3 Part 2: How do these ideas shaping good governance works for the good of society? Factor 1: Having Good Leadership Point Leaders must have the moral courage and integrity to do what is right. Example and For example, making the right decisions, not the popular decisions. Even if the decisions Elaboration prove difficult. Leaders should also show good moral character – incorruptible and honest. Making decisions for the good of the country, rather than for personal interests. They must be honest and capable. Explanation By having good moral character and incorruptible: win the confidence and respect of and Link people, thus people will be more willing to compromise and accept trade-offs. Making decisions for the good of the country rather than personal interests, safeguards the needs and interests of citizens. Factor 2: Anticipating Change and Staying Relevant Point Government needs to be forward-looking and make decisions that will benefit the people of Singapore in the future. It makes decisions in anticipation of future challenges. It also manages tensions that arise out of decisions made due to long-term considerations which adversely affect citizens’ needs and interests in the short term. It minimises threats and maximize opportunities for Singapore. Example and For example, Climate change will impact Singapore in the future, as mentioned by PM Elaboration Lee in 2019 National Day Rally. In 2020 a budget of $5 billion was set aside for the Coastal and Flood Protection Fund to help the country meet the significant risks of rising sea levels due to climate change. Explanation This ensures good governance as Singapore will not lose its competitiveness and and Link relevancy to the world, and it safeguards jobs and the livelihoods of Singaporeans. It helps Singapore be better able to respond to potential and future problems as we will be more organized; ensuring Singapore’s stability and development Factor 3: A stake for everyone, opportunities for all Point Have a say in decision-making can develop a greater sense of belonging in citizens and they become more willing to be involved in working towards the good of society. 4  Opportunities are created to encourage Singaporeans to share their view on policies and decision making. Example and For example, one such opportunity is the Singapore Together movement launched in Elaboration June 2019. This movement allows for partnership opportunities for Singaporeans to participate in and provide support for more citizen-led initiatives. Singaporeans of all backgrounds or interests to come together to contribute to areas that they care about. Explanation Singaporeans will be more willing to be involved in working for the good of Singapore. and Link The needs and interests of citizens will be safeguarded when everyone works together. The government listens to concerns and suggestions of the people. This wins the support and cooperation of people as it takes into considerations the citizens’ views before the government comes up with a policy. Factor 4: Practicing Meritocracy Point Meritocracy refers to a system that distributes opportunities and rewards according to merit. People are rewarded according to the effort they put in rather than factors such as their race, religion or socio-economic background Example and For example, one way of practicing meritocracy is by providing Edusave Scholarship. Only Elaboration to the top 10% of school’s level and course in terms of academic performance and conduct. Ensures that students who perform well in their studies and CCAs are rewarded in ways to help them excel further Explanation This will work for the good of Singapore as Singaporeans are encouraged to work hard and Link for the good of society. There will be lesser unrest and social instability due to the fairness of meritocracy. It encourages best use of talent – make sure people who are chosen to lead are capable to take on tasks. Chapter 4: How can we work together for the good of society? Factor 1: Citizens addressing the needs of society as individuals Definition / One area in which citizens can work together with the government would be to address Details the needs of society. Individuals can improve the well-being of different groups by responding to the issues and challenges they face, as many different groups of Singaporeans can face challenges in their lives. Example and For example, addressing the needs of the elderly is one area in which the citizens and Elaboration government can work together. Madam Malligesvari, an elderly herself, actively contributes to the good of society through RSVP Singapore where she used her knowledge, skills and experiences to help the community in need. She also volunteers as an instructor in the Age Well Everyday (AWE) programme where she teaches seniors to stay healthy, exercise and keep active through brain-stimulating activities to reduce the risk of dementia. Explanation As a result of individuals such as Mdm Malligesvariis, senior citizens have a more fulfilling and Link life as they are kept active and engaged. The senior citizens will also grow a sense of resilience, as they are not alone in facing challenges in terms of healthcare but engaged in active ageing. It also leads to the long-term involvement of citizens in contributing to the needs of society and this will ensure sustainable benefits to the society. Hence, individuals can help to address the needs of members of society. Factor 2: Citizens addressing the needs of society as community groups Definition / RSVP Singapore is an example of a social service agency (SSA), a formal community Details group organised by citizens. Example and Formed in 1998, RSVP Singapore actively engages senior citizens in volunteerism. This Elaboration group believes that seniors play a vital role in society and seeks to provide them with meaningful opportunities to contribute to the community. Beneficiaries include socially isolated seniors, elderly patients discharged from hospital care, the mentally disadvantaged and at-risk children from low-income families. RSVP Singapore also runs the Volunteer Learning Centre, where qualified senior volunteers train other volunteers. Explanation As a result, through the work of RSVP Singapore, a social service agency (SSA), a formal and Link community group organised by citizens, seniors can lead a more fulfilling life. The seniors can be actively engaged and not feel a sense of isolation and face healthcare challenges 5  with confidence. By devoting continued efforts and resources to support a specific cause, it therefore complements the government’s efforts in helping to cater to the needs of people in Singapore. Hence, community groups can come together to help address the needs of different members of society. Factor 3: Government working together with citizens Definition / In Singapore, government agencies work with community groups to encourage seniors to Details stay healthy and engaged. Example and For example, government agencies such as National Council of Social Service (NCSS) Elaboration develop resources to enhance the capabilities of SSAs, including those who are committed to meeting the needs of the elderly. NCSS developed the Volunteer Management Toolkit 2.0 to provide SSAs with a framework and guidelines on how to manage volunteers effectively. It worked with various partners such as RSVP Singapore to contribute to the development of the Toolkit by sharing their best practices in Volunteer Management, so that the learning can be shared with the rest of SSAs. Explanation As a result, community groups such as SSAs, which are well-resourced by the and Link government agencies such as the NCSS, are better equipped to meet the needs of different members of society. Volunteers under the SSAs will be able to feel a sense of ownership fulfilment in working for the good of society as they are effectively trained and deployed. In doing so, the needs of a wide spectrum of members of society are met, Singaporeans’ quality of life is enhanced through efforts by the government to work with community groups. Factor 4: Influencing Decision-Making in Public Affairs as citizens Definition / In Singapore, citizens and the government can work together to make decisions for the Details good of society through engagement platforms. There are platforms such as Reaching Everyone for Active Citizenry @ Home (REACH) and the Citizens' Jury for the War on Diabetes. Example and For example, REACH is the Another example would be the government and citizens Elaboration national feedback and working together to design public solutions. One such engagement unit under the solution is the Citizens' Jury for the War on Diabetes. Ministry of Communications 2016, the Ministry of Health (MOH) launched a and Information. It seeks to nationwide effort, The War on Diabetes, to help engage citizens' views on Singaporeans prevent and manage diabetes. As part of public policies, and listen to the effort, MOH organised Singapore's first ever Citizens their concerns and issues. Jury to develop community-based and community-driven REACH consolidates and recommendations to combat the problem of diabetes. In shares the feedback April 2018, MOH announced that it would support 14 out received with relevant of the 28 recommendations and explore the remaining government agencies. 13. Explanation As a result, citizens feel that their voice is heard by the government and they are more and Link encouraged to participate as active citizens. In doing so, our citizens will feel a sense of belonging as they feel that they have a stake in their country and have greater confidence in working with the government for the good of society. Feedback helps in providing the relevant authorities with a better understanding of their policies and programmes and these will help in future-decision making to better cater to the needs of citizens. Factor 5: Government working together with citizens Definition / Citizens and the government can work together to strengthen citizens' sense of belonging. Details When citizens have a sense of belonging to a country, they feel an attachment to fellow citizens and their country. There are many ways citizens can develop a sense of belonging to their country. 6  Example and An example of citizens and the government working together to build a stronger sense of Elaboration belonging is their efforts in preserving memories of Dakota Crescent, which is seen as a part of Singapore's heritage. In 2014, the government announced that Dakota Crescent, one of Singapore's oldest housing estates, would be redeveloped. In 2016, Mr. Cai Yinzhou from Dakota Adventures and Mr. Jeremy Ho from Run & Gun Media came together to form an informal community group for a project called Between Two Homes. The group envisioned using Dakota Crescent as a case study on how a community could come together to preserve memories of a place and tender assistance to those affected by the relocation. The group produced a multimedia website to document the rich heritage, stories, interviews and community of Dakota Crescent, and showed the impact of the relocation on the residents. It also conducted educational workshops in schools to discuss how plans for redevelopment and relocation can be improved. The group used the following questions to spark discussions about heritage in Singapore. Explanation Through the Between Two Homes project, volunteers became more aware of the needs and Link of the Dakota residents. These efforts help to build a sense of belonging as the citizens develop an attachment to the history, people and places in the country. When citizens have a stronger sense of belonging, they show care and take actions to help fellow Singaporeans and become more concerned about shaping the country's future. Chapter 5: What are the factors shape one’s identity? Factor 1: Race and Ethnicity Definition / Race refers to biological classification of people, which includes their physical Details characteristics. Skin colour, hair and eye colour, bone structure and jaw structure. Ethnicity refers to the culture of a group of people who share the same ancestry, custom, and tradition, beliefs, values and practices. In Singapore, we use the words ‘race’ and ‘ethnicity’ interchangeably. Example and For example, the Chinese in Singapore speak the Chinese language and celebrate Elaboration festivals like Chinese New Year by wearing red, going visiting and giving out red packets and Mid-Autumn Festival by eating mooncakes and carrying lanterns. OR For example, the Malays in Singapore wear the baju kurung and baju melayu, and celebrate festivals like Hari Raya by having sumptuous meals, going to the Hari Raya bazaar and light up at Geylang Serai and giving out green packets when visiting. OR For example, most of the Indians in Singapore wear the sari and celebrate festivals like Deepavali by enjoying cultural and musical performances, and getting an intricate henna tattoo done. They also decorate their homes with colourful rangoli created out of rice, flour or flower petals. Explanation Race and ethnicity shapes one’s identity because it influences how an individual would and Link view himself/herself. If the individual is part of a particular race or ethnic group, he/she would follow the practices and beliefs of this group and will see himself/herself as part of this group. This membership also determines how they relate with members of other races and ethnicities, thus influencing how others view them. Hence, race and ethnicity also shapes one’s identity as it affects how one views himself/herself and also how he/she treats others. Factor 2: Religion Definition / Religion is an organised collection of attitudes, beliefs, practices, world views and often, Details the worship of a single or multiple gods. It usually has a narrative or an account of events to explain the origin and the meaning of life. Example and For example, Christians believe that God’s love is expressed in his Son, Jesus Christ. Elaboration Jesus taught those who trust and follow him to love God with all their heart and to love their fellow human beings as themselves. Therefore, Christians are to show their love for God in their service to others. Explanation An individual’s religion may be determined by birth or by choice. Believers keep to the and Link beliefs and practices of their religion. Their religious beliefs and practices may influence 7  their thinking, the choices and decisions they make, and their interactions with others. This will have an impact on the believers’ way of life and their identities. Factor 3: Socio-economic status (SES) Definition / Socio-economic status (SES) refers to an economic situation shared by a group of people Details in society. It is measured based on a combination of social and economic factors, such as one’s income, education, occupation and housing. Example and Generally, in Singapore, an individual’s or a household’s income is one indicator of a Elaboration person’s socio-economic status. For example, those born into wealthy families or have accumulated wealth through work and investments belong to the high socio-economic status group. Individuals in the middle socio-economic status group are generally involved in jobs performed in offices and are also known as white-collar workers. People of lower socio- economic status usually do not possess much wealth. Sometimes they might not have the financial means to fully support themselves. Many such individuals take on jobs which usually require manual labour, or jobs that do not require much skills. These jobs are sometimes referred to as blue-collar jobs. Explanation The socio-economic status of an individual may shape one’s identity as it affects one’s life and Link experience through choice of housing, food, entertainment and activities. This in turn can influence one’s circle of friends as it affects who one interacts with. Being from a different socio-economic status can also affect how one views people from other socio-economic status and how others view him/her. Factor 4: Nationality Definition / People of the same nationality are generally citizens of the same country and usually live Details together in a particular geographical area; and often share a common history and language, as well as common experiences, practices and traditions. Example and For example, on 9 August every year, Singapore celebrates National Day. We share the Elaboration same values of a deep respect for multiracial and multi-religious practices and a common love for food across cultures. We feel proud that our country is known as a food haven to others. We speak a common language, Singlish. Explanation People may feel more connected to other members of the same nationality as they identify and Link with and share a common history, language and culture. This may result in a shared sense of national identity and belonging to their country. Chapter 6 Part 1: How does a diverse society create positive experiences and effects? Factor 1: Cultural Exchange and Appreciation Definition / Singapore’s diverse society allows for cultural exchanges to take place, with the sharing of Details ideas, customs and traditions among people of different backgrounds. Example and For example, cultural exchange can deepen one’s appreciation of other cultures and Elaboration contribute to shaping the local cultural and arts landscape. Dr. Iskandar Jalil, Singapore’s Master Potter, was inspired by his time in Japan and integrates Japanese and Islamic styles into his pottery. His art is influenced by wabi-sabi, a Japanese approach to life that sees beauty in imperfections. His pottery reflects natural weathering and imperfections. OR Cultural exchange can also result in a fusion of cultures to create interesting and exciting outcomes. For example. Ms. Oniatta Effendi is a Singaporean fashion entrepreneur who owns a batik clothing line, Baju by Oniatta. In her designs, Ms. Oniatta incorporates classically Javanese motifs, including the parang, kawung and wahyu temurun, together with more contemporary patterns like the Japanese sashiko motifs. Explanation Cultural exchange and appreciation can have a positive impact on Singapore because it and Link resulted in interesting outcomes as seen in areas of fashion and art. The uniqueness of the products will help put Singapore on the world stage. It also allows us to deepen our 8  understanding of differences and broaden our worldviews so that it is easier to work in increasingly diverse workplaces, making Singaporeans more employable. Factor 2: Exchange of Knowledge and Skills Definition / A diverse society like Singapore’s brings together people with different backgrounds, Details qualifications and experiences to share their knowledge and skills. Creates new ideas, methods and products. Example and For example, Thermo Fisher, one of the world’s largest medical device makers, has its Elaboration research and development (R&D) centre in Singapore. There are over 2,000 Singaporean employees working in Thermo Fisher. Singaporeans in the company are encouraged to collaborate with employees from different cultures and with different experience and expertise. Thermo Fisher also collaborates with Singapore-based design firms, universities and research institutions, such as A*STAR to support their R&D in a wide range of areas, including genetics and cancer research. It played a crucial role in the fight against COVID- 19 by collaborating with the Ministry of Health (MOH), Temasek Holdings and the Economic Development Board (EDB) to produce personal protective equipment (PPE) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test kits. Explanation Singaporean employees can sharpen their skills by sharing and learning from one another. and Link It allows younger technicians to produce high-quality equipment. It can lead to scientific breakthroughs and innovations for Singapore and also encourage more investment commitments in Singapore. Chapter 6 Part 2: How does a diverse society create negative experiences and effects? Factor 1: Stereotypes and Prejudice Definition / Generalised beliefs about a particular group of people are known as stereotypes. Prejudice Details refers to the attitudes and feelings towards other groups that are not based on reason or fact. It can result in insensitive and hurtful remarks, discriminatory practices and xenophobia. Example and For example, in 2014, a former Permanent Resident (PR) made some incentive comments Elaboration about the public transport system and Singaporean commuters on social media. He posted a photograph of his son on the MRT on social media, along with the caption, “Daddy, where is your car and who are all these poor people?” People who saw his posts were outraged. As a result of the intense public criticism, he lost his job and left Singapore. Explanation Creates environment that allows for higher probability of discrimination. This will upset and Link relationships in multi-ethnic & multi-religious SG. Prejudice against other people will lead to distrust, suspicions and tensions. It may affect civil order if a conflict erupts. Factor 2: Discrimination Definition / When a person is prejudiced against a specific group of people, one may act on one’s Details prejudiced beliefs and negative feelings by hurting or excluding that group. This is known as discrimination. Example and For example, feelings of prejudice and acts of discrimination because of one’s race or Elaboration ethnicity are known as racism. In June 2021, an interracial couple comprising of a man of Indian and Filipino-Spanish descent and his girlfriend of Thai-Chinese descent were strolling along Orchard Road. A local Chinese man confronted the couple and accused the man of “preying on a Chinese girl” and ordered him to “date people of his own race”. The couple felt embarrassed, humiliated and hurt. Explanation It increase avenues for conflict in Singapore; it upsets relationships between people, and Link especially in multiracial and multireligious Singapore. It also weakens the social fabric by causing hurt and unnecessary suffering for the targeted groups and individuals. 9 Factor 3: Competition for resources Definition / The inflow of foreigners into Singapore may bring many benefits and meet Singapore’s Details shortage of manpower, but it can cause Singaporeans to also be concerned about the heightened competition with foreigners over limited resources. Such resources include job opportunities and infrastructure such as public housing and transportation. Example and For example, the number of Employment Pass holders in Singapore have increased from Elaboration 65,000 in 2005 to 177,000 in 2020. Many Singaporeans raised concerns of jobs being taken away from Singaporeans by foreigners. Also, as Singapore faces a growth of foreigners, public transport may become congested, which increases discomfort of commuters. There may also be competition in healthcare where the increase in foreigners will result in a stronger competition for limited healthcare resources, thus resulting in reduced accessibility to healthcare. Explanation It increases tensions between Singaporeans and foreigners as Singaporeans may feel that and Link it is the foreigners who caused their standard of living to fall, thus reducing their quality of life. It also increases avenues for conflict and unhappiness between Singaporeans and the foreigners. Chapter 7 Part 1 (Assimilation): How does the government manage diversity? Factor 1: Assimilation - Education Definition / In France, immigrants are expected to adopt the beliefs and practices of the majority group Details in the host country. Over time, the identities of the immigrants will become identical to the majority group. Example All children in France, regardless of their citizenship status, are required to attend school and until they are 16 years old. Adaptation classes are introduced to children of immigrants to Elaboration help them improve their French so that they can be assimilated into French schools. In the French classroom, there is no discussion about religion, except in History, Literature, Philosophy and Art classes. In 2015, France launched a new course in moral and civic education to promote the values of its national motto, as well as justice, mutual respect and non-discrimination Explanation Natural way for immigrants to pick up cues on how to live in a country, adopt and adapt to and Link the host country. Helps build identity of young children as French citizens. Growing up with the French identity through education helps immigrants develop a sense of belonging to France. It also creates a homogenous French identity between immigrants and natives Factor 2: Assimilation - Employment Definition / In France, immigrants are expected to adopt the beliefs and practices of the majority group Details in the host country. Over time, the identities of the immigrants will become identical to the majority group. Example The French government introduced the Diversity Charter in 2004 to raise employers’ and awareness of recruiting employees from diverse backgrounds. The charter encourages Elaboration companies to be inclusive and carry out tangible actions to promote diversity at the workplace. Explanation Immigrants need to pick up the French language to communicate with their French and Link colleagues. Allows working-age immigrants to make friends and build connections with other French adults, thus building social capital. This allows them to be more easily accepted into the daily lives of French citizens. Allows immigrants to learn more about the French culture and assimilate faster into the society. 10 Factor 3: Assimilation - Naturalisation Definition / In France, immigrants are expected to adopt the beliefs and practices of the majority group Details in the host country. Over time, the identities of the immigrants will become identical to the majority group. Example and There are programmes to help immigrants develop basic knowledge about life in France Elaboration and what being a French national means. Immigrants can attend a 4-day civic training course in French principles and values, as well as practical aspects of life in French society. Offer up to 600 hours to free language courses to help immigrants master French. Explanation The interaction with the French language and French attitudes and beliefs will help and Link immigrants adopt and strengthen French national identity. Immigrants will eventually behave, think and speak like a French and identify themselves as French. Allows immigrants to participate in the same cultural practices, thus being able to bond and interact with other French citizens, assimilating into the society better. Chapter 7 Part 1 (Integration): How does the government manage diversity? Factor 1: Bilingual Policy Definition / In Singapore, minority groups and immigrants retain their unique identities while forging Details common ground with the majority group in the host country. Example and Introduced in 1966 Students are required to learn English and one of the official Mother Elaboration Tongue languages in schools. Explanation Learning English helps to improve communication and interactions among Singaporeans and Link New immigrants and natives can understand each other better, resulting in greater tolerance and better relations Factor 2: Group Representation Constituency (GRC) Definition / In Singapore, minority groups and immigrants retain their unique identities while forging Details common ground with the majority group in the host country. Example and Established in 1988 to ensure that minority races are represented in Parliament. At least Elaboration one of the member of parliament (MP) in the GRC must belong to a minority racial community to ensure the interests of residents in the constituency are represented. Explanation Minority groups are given the opportunity to have their needs and concerns, or grievances, and Link heard in Parliament and be addressed. Safeguards interests of the minority groups. Give them a voice/say in governing Singapore so that they will feel respected and thus be more willing to integrate into Singapore. Factor 3: Ethnic Integration Policy (EIC) Definition / In Singapore, minority groups and immigrants retain their unique identities while forging Details common ground with the majority group in the host country. Example and Introduced in 1989 to promote interaction and harmony among the different ethnic Elaboration groups in Singapore. Ensures a mix of various ethnic groups in each HDB block, based on the ethnic make-up of Singapore. Explanation Creates opportunities for different races to interact as neighbours. Increases awareness of and Link different practices, so that people will learn to understand and accept differences. Living together in the same estate will foster mutual understanding, thus increasing social cohesion and harmony. 11 Factor 4: Community Support Definition / In Singapore, minority groups and immigrants retain their unique identities while forging Details common ground with the majority group in the host country. Example and One of the ways new immigrants and foreigners are integrated into Singapore society is Elaboration through ground-up initiatives. In 2009, the National Integration Council launched the Community Integration Fund to support organisations in implementing projects to encourage interactions between Singaporeans, immigrants and foreigners. Ms. April Lau became a Singapore citizen in 2016. As a grassroots leader in Sengkang West Integration and Naturalisation Committee, she encourages new citizens to join her in volunteering with the local community. At the grassroots level, community events and activities are organised by the People’s Association. These includes house visits, block parties and festive celebrations so that new Singapore citizens and Permanent Residents (PRs) can get to know their neighbourhood and make new friends. Explanation Facilitates meaningful interactions between Singaporeans, immigrants and foreigners. and Link Provides opportunities to experience the different ethnic cultures and religions in Singapore and learn about other aspects of living in Singapore. Reach out to foreigners so that they can learn more about our local history, culture and ways of life to integrate into Singapore. Factor 5: Naturalisation Definition / In Singapore, minority groups and immigrants retain their unique identities while forging Details common ground with the majority group in the host country. Example and Upon receiving in-principle approval for Singapore citizenship, new citizens will go through Elaboration a compulsory programme called the Singapore Citizenship Journey. New citizens learn about Singapore’s history and development → Deepen their appreciation of Singaporean norms and shared values → Given opportunity to have meaningful interactions with their local community → Receive Singapore citizenship certificates at a Citizenship Ceremony after completing the programme. Explanation Helps them learn and appreciate more about Singapore. It helps share same understanding and Link of what it means to be Singaporean. It also gives new citizens more confidence and comfort in settling down in Singapore, thus allowing new citizens see themselves as part of Singapore and better integrate into Singapore Factor 6: Common Experiences Definition / In Singapore, minority groups and immigrants retain their unique identities while forging Details common ground with the majority group in the host country. Example and Coordinated efforts are made across key institutions in Singapore and policies are Elaboration implemented to create common experiences and promote social cohesion. One example is National Service (NS), which is primarily for the defence and security of Singapore, but also plays an important role in fostering greater cohesiveness in society. In learning to defend Singapore, NS brings together people from diverse backgrounds to train and live together. Common experiences are also created by the Singapore Armed Forces Volunteer Corp (SAFVC). Provides an opportunity for individuals who are not required to serve NS to also contribute to Singapore’s national defence and interact through such common experiences. Explanation Develop a sense of collective interest through this common experience. This common life- and Link shaping experience helps to strengthen the relationships between them and create a strong Singapore national identity. Chapter 7 Part 2: How does the government manage diversity? Factor 1: Government-Financed Approach 12  Definition / Sweden practices a government-financed approach to provide social services to their Details citizens, regardless of their background or socio-economic status. Example and For example, healthcare services such as hospital care, medicine, dental care, disability Elaboration support and rehabilitation services are publicly funded. All families are covered by a medical protection scheme. Children in the household can claim up to 2,466 Swedish Kronor a year. Dental care is free for local residents up till 23 years old, and dental care is subsidised for local residents 24 years and beyond. OR Education is funded by the government and provided to all Swedes. Education is compulsory from ages 6-16. Free school lunch is provided. Free access to school doctor, school nurse, psychologist and school welfare officer. Tuition fees for tertiary education are fully subsidised for Swedish students. OR Allowance is provided to lower-income individuals or families who need help to pay for housing / housing fees for their homes. The Swedish Public Employment Service provides training to equip individuals with skills to increase their chances of employment. Free vocational courses to train individuals for industries that lack skilled workers. Explanation Citizens are not disadvantaged when it comes to seeking help for their situation. Ensures and Link that every citizen, regardless of their SES background, is entitled to social services when the need arises. Lower-income citizens do not feel marginalised for not having enough to pay for social services, and for seeking help. Factor 2: Shared-Responsibility Approach Definition / Singapore adopts a shared responsibility approach where many helping hands such as Details individuals and families, community groups and the government work together to address socio-economic diversity. Example and The government provides subsidies for essential services. One example is Singapore’s Elaboration healthcare financing system, which emphasises individual responsibility and affordable healthcare for all. Singaporeans save for their healthcare needs through the CPF Medisave Account. Government provides subsidies to reduce medical costs (up to 80% in public hospitals for hospitalisation) OR The government provides subsidies for essential services. Another example is Singapore’s education system and Preschool subsidies. From January 2020, lower-income families earning $3,000 or less per month pay $3 per month at preschool centres under the Anchor Operator Scheme. OR The government provides subsidies for essential services. Another example is Singapore’s housing through subsidies such as Housing grants and Rental housing schemes. OR The government provides subsidies for essential services. Another example is Singapore’s social and community assistance which encompasses - Long-term assistance, short-to- medium-term financial support, GST vouchers (cash payouts in August and quarterly U- save rebates for utilities) and opportunities for upskilling and retraining under SkillsFuture and Workfare Skills Support Scheme. Explanation It enables a country with limited resources to allocate these resources efficiently so that and Link different SES groups have their healthcare needs taken care of. It also ensures that government is not over-burdened. Citizens are given the ownership to take care of their own needs. Lastly, it ensures government will continue to be able to help those who need healthcare the most. Chapter 8: What are the factors that contribute to Globalisation? Factor 1: Technological Advancements - Developments in Transportation Definition / Over the years, technological advancements have led to improvements in land, air and Details sea transportation. Different modes of transportation such as trains, shops and aircraft have improved in terms of speed. They can travel faster, and cover longer distance. 13  Example and 1830 marked the beginning of steam-powered rail travel. The Liverpool and Manchester Elaboration Railway is only 50km long, and the trains travelled at about 48km/h.Since 1964, the Shinkansen bullet trains in Japan are amongst the world’s fastest trains. As of 2023, the rail network covers around 3,478km of distance, and its trains travel up to 320km/h. OR In the 1800s, steam-powered ships had limited carrying capacity due to its large engine and fuel. Depending on their size, container ships have a carrying range from 25,000 to 600,000 tonnes. OR In the 1950s, flying was considered a luxury experience. Apart from the affluent and business travellers, few people could afford it. With the rise of low-cost airlines, the cost of flights have decreased substantially. More people are able to afford air travel. Explanation Land, sea and air transportation have improved in terms of their capacity. This means that and Link more people and more goods can be carried per trip to different parts of the world. Technological advancements in transportation have sped up the movement of larger volumes of goods, services and people per trip around the world. This has resulted in lower transport costs. Advancements in transportation also includes the development of supporting infrastructures such as highways, railways, seaports and airports. All these developments drive globalisation because they accelerated the movement of people, goods and services around the world, at lower costs and in larger volumes. Thus, business activities and ideas are becoming more interconnected and interdependent globally. Factor 2: Technological Advancements - Developments in Digital Technology Definition / Digital Technology refers to the electronic tools, systems, devices and resources that Details generate, store or process data. In the early part of human history, communication over long distances was slow and unreliable, thus limiting global interconnectedness and interdependence. Example and Since 2000s, telephones and mobile phones have developed rapidly. With wireless Elaboration networks, mobile processors and camera technology, people can communicate with others across different time zones and over various distances via video calls on their smartphones instantly. The use of internet and social media has allowed capabilities such as access information on-the-go, keep abreast of news and keeping in touch with others. Explanation Developments like these in the 21st century have rapidly improved communications. They and Link have enabled people to stay connected, share information and ideas, and do businesses across vast distances and different time zones. This results in the increase in interconnections and interdependent relationships across the world. Factor 3: Growth of MNCs Definition / Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are large corporations that operate in various Details countries. MNCs drive globalisation through their supply chains that are global in scope. Example and Coffee beans sourced from more than 30 countries in North & South America, Africa and Elaboration Asia. Roasting facilities in US and India stored in warehouses for distribution. 35,000 stores in more than 65 countries across the world. Serves millions of customers. Explanation When MNCs set up subsidiaries in other countries, they increase the interconnections and Link between people, activities and goods throughout the world. At the same time, they facilitate the exchange of ideas between countries. With the increasing web of operations owned by MNCs within and between countries, MNCs thus drive globalisation as they facilitate more interdependent and interconnected relationships. 14 Chapter 9: How can we respond to the economic impacts of globalisation? How do COUNTRIES BENEFIT from globalisation economically? Factor: Economic Growth Definition / Economic growth is the increase in a country’s production of goods and services. Details Measured by the GDP (Gross Domestic Product). Example and As countries participate in the global economy through international trade, it enables their Elaboration goods and services to reach a larger market, as it can be sold globally as well. Countries will increase their production of goods and services to meet the larger demand. Singapore continues to attract FDIs with major sources from China, Japan, and the United States. By 2018, 59% of the total number of technology-based MNCs in Asia had established headquarters in Singapore. FDIs received by Singapore: $2,749 billion in 2021. Goods traded by Singapore: $1,365 billion in 2022. Services traded by Singapore: $758 billion in 2022 Explanation With its limited natural resources to support production for its own consumption, and Link Singapore is highly dependent on the global economy for many goods and services. Given its small domestic market, Singapore encourages foreign investments and invests in other countries to remain competitive in the global economy. The trading of goods and services in the bigger international market have sustained Singapore’s economic growth. This creates more job opportunities and business opportunities for Singapore. How do INDIVIDUALS BENEFIT from globalisation economically? Factor: Employment Opportunities Definition / When there is economic growth in the country, more economic opportunities such as Details employment may be available to individuals in the country. When a country is open to the global economy, businesses can reach a larger market. This will create a higher demand for goods and services. Example and The presence of MNCs and increased investments like FDIs also encourage the use of Elaboration more advanced technologies. This creates jobs involving higher skills and wages. Advancements in digital technology and transportation also allows individuals to become more mobile globally, thus allowing them to find jobs overseas easily as well. Explanation Individuals will be able to earn a livelihood more easily, not constrained by one country. and Link They can compete globally for better-paying jobs to earn a higher income. They will be able to fulfil their aspirations and have income to support their needs. How do COUNTRIES become DISADVANTAGED from globalisation economically? Factor: Economic Vulnerability Definition / Interconnections and interdependent relationships in a global economy can also make Details countries economically vulnerable, as what happens in one country can affect other countries. Example and For example, the Russian-Ukraine war has impacted many countries around the world: Elaboration Russia: major exporter of wheat, corn, sunflower oil, natural gas and oil. Ukraine: major exporter of wheat, corn, sunflower oil, noble gas, neon. Explanation Impacts on the world: Energy prices are soaring as Russia is being sanctioned high and Link inflation. Tourism is affected as flights are re-routed away from the Russian-Ukrainian air space increasing travel prices / air freight prices. Disruption in semiconductor and chip productions due to lack of natural gases affecting the economies of countries negatively who manufacture electronic products 15 How do INDIVIDUALS become DISADVANTAGED from globalisation economically? Factor: Economic Vulnerability Definition / Individuals experience the economic impacts of globalisation as citizens/residents of their Details country. While economic growth benefits citizens/residents, economic decline can result in challenges for them. Example and For example, loss of jobs can be caused by MNCs relocating their operations to other Elaboration countries to save costs or access expertise elsewhere. For example, Uniqlo closed its Shenzhen production facilities and relocated to Vietnam. Advancements in technology may cause some types of jobs to be automated. Greater movement of labour may lead to increasing competition for jobs from foreign labour. Explanation High-skilled workers vs. lower-skilled workers: Higher-skilled workers are less likely to lose and Link their jobs than lower-skilled workers as their skill set are less replaceable. People living in well-connected areas vs. people living in developing countries: People living in well- connected areas are better able to tide through economic vulnerability as they are able to secure jobs due to higher connectivity of their job networks. Factor: Government’s Responses: Economic Cooperation Definition / Economic Cooperation with other countries Details Free Trade – signing of Free-Trade Agreements (FTA) Removes tariffs across borders cheaper to trade items across borders Bilateral FTAs – between 2 countries (Singapore-Australia FTA) Multilateral FTAs – between three or more countries (EUSFTA) Example and Australia-Singapore FTA (Bilateral FTA): Elaboration o Removal of all tariffs on imported goods o Law degrees from Australian universities recognised in Singapore increased from 4 to 8 o Period of stay for business visitors increased from 1 to 3 months. EU-Singapore FTA (EUSFTA): o EU removes on 84% of all Singapore products entering the EU within the 1st year, and the remaining 16% over a period of 3 – 5 years o Enhanced market access for Asian food products made in Singapore Factor: Government’s Responses: Attracting and Making Foreign Investments Definition / Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) make sures Singapore’s inflation stays low Details and stable Examples Invests the country’s foreign reserves Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (GIC) Grow government’s financial assets by investing foreign reserves globally Factor: Government’s Responses: Financial Support and Development of Expertise Definition / Financial Support and Development of Expertise Details COVID-19 Support o S$4 billion Stabilisation and Support Package Examples ▪ Retain jobs and wage support ▪ Cash flow support S$1.6 billion Care and Support Package 16  o Cash for Singaporeans and Singaporean families o Supermarket vouchers o Passion Card top-ups Providing resources and advice to help businesses innovate, develop their expertise and talent, or even expand abroad o 2017 SMEs Go Digital Programme – more than 80,000 SMEs adopted digital solutions o EDB and Enterprise Singapore (pg. 56 TB) Main Inquiry Question: How should we respond to the economic impacts? Factor: Individuals: Acquisition of knowledge and skills Strategies Being willing to acquire knowledge and skills throughout their life to remain relevant (attitude of lifelong learning) Flexible and open mindset about exploring and trying out different/new areas of work Save and invest appropriately END OF NOTES 17