Endocrine System PDF

Endocrine System Precursors of T3 & T4 T3 and T4 are water soluble but they need a carrier protein to move in...

Endocrine System Precursors of T3 & T4 T3 and T4 are water soluble but they need a carrier protein to move in Follicle plasma, just like fat soluble molecules Thyroid gland Colloid (T3, T4) Parafollicular cells … or C-cells, are producing Anterior view Calcitonin hormone that can reduces the Plasma-Ca2+ level Endocrine System 8.5 to 10.5 Normal mg/dl Low High Parathyroid hormone Normal Low High Parathyroid glands Level of Calcium Level of plasma Calcium Parafollicular cells Increasing Osteoclasts activity Calcitonin Increase in Ca2+ resorption Activation of Vitamin-D Opposite effects of parathyroid hormone Posterior view Increase in Osteoblast activity More Ca2+ secretion in kidney Less vitamin-D activation by kidney Increase in Ca2+ Less Ca2+ absorption in intestine absorption in GI system Endocrine System Adrenal glands Sitting on the top of Kidneys, Small triangular-shaped glands but not a part of kidney Endocrine System Cortex Connected directly to the brain’s Sympathetic division Medulla Contains cells called Chromaffin Chrome-affinity, getting dark when exposed to chrome salts Chromaffin cells are producing catecholamines, primarily adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) They are released during body’s response to Stress Fight and Flight reaction Increasing the heart rate Increasing the blood pressure Increasing blood sugar (glucose) Endocrine System Hypothalamus CRT Stimulatory effect Main effect ACTH Anterior pituitary Medulla Cortex Small effect Aldosterone Zona glumerulosa Mineralocorticoid 3 zones Cortisol Zona fasciculata Glucocorticoid Androgens Zona reticularis Endocrine System Aldosterone Mineralocorticoid Controlling blood pressure Adrenal Cortex Cortisol Glucocorticoid Zona glumerulosa Stress response: preparing the body for a 'fight or flight' response increasing blood sugar Zona fasciculata enhancing the brain's use of glucose Increasing the availability of substances that repair tissues Metabolism regulation, breaking down glycogen to glucose in liver Anti-inflammatory effect Controlling blood pressure by increasing sensitivity to epinephrine Sleep-Wake cycle regulation, increasing in the morning, decreasing before sleep Endocrine System Hypothalamus Aldosterone ADH in pituitary Angiotensin Dehydration Converting Enzyme ACE Angiotensin 2 The blood volume reduces Hypovolemia Adrenal cortex Less renal blood perfusion Converting Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin 1 Aldosterone Increase Renal water retention Secretion of Renin Correcting low blood pressure Endocrine System Prolactin/Oxytocin Hypothalamus Dopamine Inhibitory effect Posterior pituitary Oxytocin Anterior pituitary Prolactin Milk production When a baby suckles at in Mammary Glands a mother's breast Milk ejection by contracting smooth muscles Endocrine System Growth hormone Somatostatin GHRH Hypothalamus Stimulatory Inhibitory effect effect Estrogen Testosterone Hypoglycemia Exercise Epinephrine Growth hormone Somatotropin Somatomedins Adipose tissue Insulin production (IGF-1) Lipolysis Gbuconeogensis Metabolism Cell division rate Inhibit apoptosis