Exam One Review - Public Health PDF

- All the "health's" are population focus and are oriented toward the community. - Know the **3 core functions of public health.** - Know Lillian Wald. - Why was the henry street settlement established? - Health promotion and risk reduction there are questions about lab values....

- All the "health's" are population focus and are oriented toward the community. - Know the **3 core functions of public health.** - Know Lillian Wald. - Why was the henry street settlement established? - Health promotion and risk reduction there are questions about lab values. - Lipid panel, how would you interpret that? - What would be some recommendations based on labs that you say. - Example is LDL and cholesterol is high, what would you do? - Basics of Diet changes - DASH diet - For diabetes decreasing weight if needed, decreasing simple carbohydrates. - Difference in trans fats and Saturated fats. - Replace with omega 3s. - Saturated will increase LDL and HDL cholesterol. - Problem with trans fats will increase LDL and decrease HDL and are pro inflammatory. - What would you want to recommend besides just saying a healthy diet? Not so much the percentage, but examples such as use olive oil instead of butter. - Know the difference between **descriptive epidemiology** (who) and analytic **epidemiology** (the why and how). - Big shift in disease that kill most people and higher morbidity rate was about the 1950's big development of antibiotics and vaccines. Went from major infectious diseases to chronic illness. - Know different terms **sporadic, endemic, epidemic, pandemic**. - **Social Determinants of Health** The biggest predictor by health is socioeconomic status. - **Prevalence** is how many cases old and new How many people have diabetes in Benton County today? - **Incidence** how many cases of diabetes in 2023 in Benton County - **Positive predictive value** considers how much disease is in a community because we know If we do screening, we have false-positive and false-negative. Good chance they have flu because there is a lot in the community. - **Attack Rates** people exposed to an agent that actually get the disease. If you walk into a room and expose everyone to flu, not everyone will get it. - **Case fatality rate** \# of people who have a disease and die from it during a specified time. Tells us how serious the disease is. - Review **epidemiological triangle** know about agent, host, environment. - Agents many different things - Host us - Environment can be many things. - Use the triangle to see how things spread and maybe alter one of those to prevent spread. - **Natural Life History** inoculated with something and have a latency period. - Where did it begin? - How did it spread? - Is there a long latency period? Is it infectious during that period? For example, HIV is and that is problematic because you can spread it for a very long time before becoming sick. - Know the basics of community/herd immunity. Shoot for 90-95% vaccine coverage because that will give you herd immunity where a certain % of the population is immune to something, so even if there is a small outbreak there is nowhere for it to go. - **Sensitivity** and **specificity** with false positives and false negatives (a few questions on this) - Ideally 100% for both. - 100% sensitive and 100% specific in reality we don't go that. - Example: The Flu test is 70% specificity. That means it has a 30% false positive. - **Causality** enough evidence to say that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer. Comes from big epidemiological studies. Requires a lot of data. - **Environmental health** - Know about toxicology. - Know different pesticides - Know what groups children with lead (because they put things in their mouth) - Mercury worry about pregnant women - In all group's children, elderly, and pregnant women are highest risk for environmental. - Older people have decreased liver/kidney function so they cannot clear toxins as well. - Kids breathe in more air per body surface area, they drink more milk and juice. - Know how to take an environmental history. - **Surveillance** - Outbreak investigation - Know the different types of surveillance but specifically active and passive. - Sentinel Surveillance the downside of this is sometimes it is not relatable to the population at large because it is select groups (clinic, hospital) - Active: public health workers are actively going out and looking for a case of a disease. (expensive) - Example: With HIV diagnosis. - Passive Routinely collected data with notifiable diseases. Rates of disease eventually recorded in CDC, leading causes of deaths, death certificates. - **Foodborne Illnesses** - Highest Risk Kids under 5, Immunosuppressed, over 65 years old, Pregnant women - Think of the things different for each one. - [Norovirus] Your contagious 48 hours after symptoms stop which is atypical. - Ex: Go back to work and the next 48 hours they are still contagious so they can pass it on. - The natural life history will tell us the incubation period. - Foods that are more associated with each. - [E. Coli] - particularly problematic for children because you are worried about hemolytic anemia syndrome involving blood break down and kidney failure. - Mostly in [ground] beef and unpasteurized juice or milk - [Listeria] - Pregnant women at increased risk (encouraged to avoid deli meats) - Also found in soft cheeses and raw milk - Longer incubation period - [Botulism ] - Infants should not have honey up to 12 months old. - Symptoms are different than most other foodborne illnesses. - **Know Waterborne Illnesses** - **AIDS CNN Video** - AIDS defining illnesses Pneumocystis Pneumonia Kaposi's sarcoma were generally seen in older people, but now being seen in younger men so raised a red flag. - AZT was the first drug.