Module 2B Study Guide: American Government - Civil Rights PDF

Module 2B Study Guide American Government Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gl84f1 1. Important Sub- 13th (1865): Abolished slavery. sequent Amend- ments 14th (1868): Equal protection & due process, citizenship rights....

Module 2B Study Guide American Government Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gl84f1 1. Important Sub- 13th (1865): Abolished slavery. sequent Amend- ments 14th (1868): Equal protection & due process, citizenship rights. 15th (1870): Voting rights for Black men. 19th (1920): Voting rights for women. 24th (1964): Ended poll taxes in voting. 26th (1971): Lowered voting age to 18. 2. 13th Amendment Ended slavery in the U.S. No forced labor, except as punishment for a crime. Part of Reconstruction Amendments after the Civil War. Stopped legal slavery, but allowed prison labor. 3. 14th Amendment Made all people born in the U.S. citizens (including former slaves). Laws must treat everyone fairly (Equal Protection Clause). States can't take away rights unfairly (Due Process Clause). Made the Bill of Rights apply to states (Selective Incorporation). 4. 15th Amendment Gave Black men the right to vote. Banned voting discrimination based on race, color, or past slavery. States still found ways to block Black voters (poll taxes, literacy tests). Later strengthened by the Voting Rights Act (1965). 5. What is the due Found In 5th & 14th Amendments. process clause? 5th: Protects against unfair treatment by federal government. 14th: Protects against unfair treatment by state governments. Guarantees fair trials & legal rights. 1 / 15  Module 2B Study Guide American Government Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gl84f1 Used to apply Bill of Rights to states (Selective Incorporation). 6. What is Equal Pro- Part of the 14th Amendment. tection Clause? Laws must treat everyone equally. Stops discrimination by the government. Used in civil rights cases (Brown v. Board, 1954 ended segregation). Basis for equal rights protections (race, gender, LGBTQ+ rights) 7. Commerce Clause Found in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution. Gives Congress power to regulate trade between states, foreign nations, and tribes. 8. Plessy v. Ferguson Ruling: Supreme Court said "separate but equal" facilities were constitutional. (1896) Impact: Legalized de jure segregation (segregation by law). Key Connection: Allowed states to enforce Jim Crow laws, keeping public facilities racially divided. 9. De Jure Segrega- Definition: Segregation enforced by law (e.g., separate schools, buses, re- tion strooms). Connection: Plessy v. Ferguson justified it, and Brown v. Board ended it in schools. 10. Brown v. Board of Ruling: Education (1954) Supreme Court declared school segregation unconstitutional under the 14th Amendment. Impact: Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and led to desegregation efforts. Key Connection: Marked the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement. 2 / 15  Module 2B Study Guide American Government Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gl84f1 11. What rights are Ended discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. protected by the Civil Rights Act of Banned segregation in public places (schools, restaurants, buses). 1964? Prohibited workplace discrimination (Title VII). Enforced voting rights by removing barriers for Black voters. Strengthened federal power to enforce civil rights laws. 12. What are the dif- Strict Scrutiny (Highest Standard) ferent discrimi- nation tests used Heightened (Intermediate) Scrutiny by courts? 13. What is Strict Toughest test courts use for unfair laws. Scrutiny? Used for race, religion, and national origin cases. The law must: Serve a compelling government interest. Be narrowly tailored to achieve that interest. Use the least restrictive means possible. 14. What is Height- Middle-level test courts use for unfair laws. ened Scrutiny? Used for gender discrimination cases. The law must: Have an important reason (important government interest).Be closely related to that reason. 15. What the Court Race-based discrimination = Almost always unconstitutional (Brown v. Board, Says About Dis- 1954). crimination Gender discrimination = Must have an important reason (United States v. Virginia, 1996). 3 / 15  Module 2B Study Guide American Government Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gl84f1 Laws treating groups unfairly must pass Strict or Heightened Scrutiny. Equal Protection Clause (14th Amendment) used to challenge discrimination. 16. What are Jim Crow State & local laws that enforced racial segregation in the South. laws? Kept Black Americans & whites separate in schools, buses, restaurants, etc. Based on "separate but equal" rule (Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896). 17. What is the pur- Prevents states from taking away life, liberty, or property unfairly. pose of the due Ensures fair legal procedures before the government acts against a person. process clause of Used for Selective Incorporation (applies the Bill of Rights to the states). the 14th Amend- Protects individual rights from state government abuse. ment? 18. What stan- Strict Scrutiny - race, religions, national origin dards/tests are used by the Heightened Scrutiny - Gender courts to de- Rational Basis Test - termine whether Used for age, disability, economic status; law must be reasonable. a discriminatory law or regulation is unconstitution- al? 19. What new civ- LGBTQ+ Rights, Women's rights, Indigenous Rights, Disability rights, Religious il rights issues Minorities have emerged over time? 20. What are some of Legal Segregation (Jim Crow): Laws that separated Black people in schools, buses, the barriers that and other public places. 4 / 15  Module 2B Study Guide American Government Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gl84f1 were and contin- Voting Restrictions: Poll taxes, literacy tests, and threats or violence aimed at ue to be faced by stopping Black people from voting. African Americans Economic & Housing Discrimination: Lower-paying jobs, redlining (blocking in the struggle for home loans in certain areas), and restricted access to good neighborhoods. civil rights? Violence & Harassment: Attacks and terror from groups like the Ku Klux Klan. Unequal Education: Underfunded schools and ongoing segregation. New Voter Suppression: Strict voter ID laws, fewer polling stations, and gerryman- dering. Criminal Justice Disparities: Racial profiling, higher arrest rates, and unfair treat- ment in courts. 21. How have the Ended legal segregation with cases like Brown v. Board of Education. Courts supported the civil rights Forced states to follow civil rights decisions (e.g., Cooper v. Aaron). movement? 22. How has Congress Passed major laws like the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (ended discrimination in public supported the civ- places and jobs). il right move- ment? Approved the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (protected Black voting rights). Used federal funding to push states to obey these laws. 23. How has the Exec- Issued orders to integrate the military (Truman, 1948) and support civil rights utive Branch sup- laws (Lyndon B. Johnson). ported the civil rights movement? Sent federal troops to help enforce desegregation (Eisenhower in Little Rock). 24. What is the pur- Fix Past Discrimination by giving more chances to groups that have faced unfair pose of Affirma- treatment before. tive Action? Expand Opportunities in jobs and schools for underrepresented people. Encourage Diversity so that workplaces and classrooms better reflect society. 5 / 15  Module 2B Study Guide American Government Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gl84f1 These initiatives aim to promote equal opportunities in areas such as education, employment, and contracting, seeking to address past injustices and systemic inequalities. 25. What is the Reverse Discrimination concerns, where some feel it unfairly harms white or male controversy sur- candidates. rounding Affirma- tive Action? Fairness vs. Merit, with debates over whether admissions/hiring should consider race or be purely merit-based. Legal Challenges, as courts and states set limits or ban race-based policies. 26. What is Affirma- the use of programs and policies designed to assist groups that have historically tive Action? been subject to discrimination 27. How have the Courts have upheld affirmative action with limits, banning racial quotas (Bakke, courts ruled on 1978) but allowing race as a factor (Grutter, 2003). In Students for Fair Admissions Affirmative Action (2023), the Supreme Court struck down race-based admissions as unconstitu- cases? tional. 28. What is intermedi- A legal standard used by courts to evaluate laws that classify based on gender or ate scrutiny? legitimacy. 29. What portion of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employment discrimination based the Civil Rights Act on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin and is enforced by the EEOC. concerns employ- ment discrimina- tion? 30. What is a protect- a group of people legally shielded from discrimination based on characteristics ed class? such as race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age (40+), disability, and genetic information under U.S. anti-discrimination laws. 31. 6 / 15  Module 2B Study Guide American Government Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gl84f1 Brown v. Board of Equal Rights for African Americans Education (1954) Ended school segregation (overturned Plessy). 32. Heart of Atlanta Facts: A motel refused to serve Black customers Motel v. U.S. (1964) Businesses can't discriminate (Commerce Clause). Significance: Strengthened federal power to enforce civil rights laws. 33. Regents of the Facts: White applicant sued after being rejected from medical school due to racial University of Cal- quotas. ifornia v. Bakke (1978) Question: Do racial quotas violate the Equal Protection Clause (14th Amend- ment)? Decision: Quotas unconstitutional, but race can be a factor in admissions. Significance: Affirmed affirmative action, but banned strict racial quotas. 34. Mendez v. West- Facts: Challenged Mexican-American segregation in California schools. minster (1946) Question: Does segregation of Mexican-American students violate the Equal Protection Clause? Decision: Yes, segregation is unconstitutional. Significance: Precursor to Brown v. Board (1954), first case to strike down school segregation. 35. Department of Facts: Trump administration attempted to end DACA (Deferred Action for Child- Homeland Securi- hood Arrivals). ty v. Regents of Question: Did the DHS violate procedural rules in rescinding DACA? 7 / 15  Module 2B Study Guide American Government Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gl84f1 the University of California (2020) Decision: Yes, DACA protections remain because the administration ended it improperly. Significance: Secured protections for Dreamers (undocumented immigrants brought as children). 36. Korematsu v. Unit- Facts: U.S. interned Japanese Americans during WWII. Korematsu refused to ed States (1944) relocate. Question: Did internment camps violate the 5th Amendment (due process)? Decision: No, internment was justified for national security during wartime. Significance: Later discredited, but never overturned. A major civil liberties failure. 37. Lau v. Nichols Facts: Chinese-speaking students were denied English language support in (1974) schools. Question: Did this violate Title VI of the Civil Rights Act (1964)? Decision: Yes, schools must provide equal educational opportunities. Significance: Established bilingual education rights. 38. Lawrence v. Texas Facts: Texas law criminalized same-sex relations. (2003) Question: Did the law violate privacy rights under the Due Process Clause (14th Amendment)? Decision: Yes, laws banning same-sex relations are unconstitutional. Significance: Overturned Bowers v. Hardwick (1986), major LGBTQ+ rights victory. 39. 8 / 15  Module 2B Study Guide American Government Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gl84f1 Obergefell v. Facts: States refused to recognize same-sex marriages. Hodges (2015) Question: Does banning same-sex marriage violate the Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses? Same-sex marriage legalized. 40. Masterpiece Facts: A baker refused to make a wedding cake for a same-sex couple, citing Cakeshop v. religious beliefs. Colorado Civil Rights Question: Did Colorado's ruling against the baker violate his First Amendment Commission religious rights? (2018) Baker won on religious grounds, but ruling was narrow. Significance: Narrow ruling; didn't establish a broad right to refuse service based on religion. 41. What are some of 1. Legal Inequality - Laws once denied women property and legal rights. the barriers that 2. Education & Work Limits - Barriers to higher education and careers. were and contin- 3. Political Exclusion - Voting restrictions, especially for women of color. ue to be faced 4. Workplace Discrimination - Wage gap, harassment, lack of leadership roles. by women in the 5. Cultural Stereotypes - Gender roles limit opportunities. struggle for civil rights? 42. What amend- Nineteenth Amendment (1920): Gave women the right to vote. ments have pro- tected women's Fourteenth Amendment (1868): Equal Protection Clause used to fight sex dis- civil rights? crimination. Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) (Proposed, not ratified): Aimed to guarantee gender equality. 9 / 15  Module 2B Study Guide American Government Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gl84f1 43. What methods Protests & Marches - Suffrage & Women's Marches. have been used by women to secure Legal Challenges - Court cases for gender equality. their civil rights? Legislation & Advocacy - Title IX, Equal Pay Act. Voting & Politics - 19th Amendment, government roles. Grassroots Activism - Groups like NOW fought for rights. 44. What are some of Voting Restrictions - ID laws, past disenfranchisement. the barriers that Land & Sovereignty - Limited tribal self-governance. were and contin- Economic Disparities - High poverty, job shortages. ue to be faced by Education Inequality - Underfunded schools, loss of culture. indigenous Amer- Healthcare Gaps - Limited medical access, underfunded IHS. icans in the strug- Cultural Suppression - Forced assimilation, language loss. gle for civil rights? 45. Legislation that 1. Indian Removal Act (1830): Forced relocation (Trail of Tears). shaped and im- pacted the rela- 2. Indian Citizenship Act (1924): Granted U.S. citizenship. tionship between 3. Indian Reorganization Act (1934): Restored tribal self-governance. indigenous Amer- icans and the 4. Indian Self-Determination Act (1975): Gave tribes control over federal pro- American govern- grams. ment? 46. Key Court Cases 1. Worcester v. Georgia (1832): States can't control tribal lands. that shaped and impacted the rela- 2. Ex parte Crow Dog (1883): Led to federal oversight of major crimes. tionship between 3. Oliphant v. Suquamish (1978): Tribes can't prosecute non-Natives. indigenous Amer- icans and the 10 / 15  Module 2B Study Guide American Government Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gl84f1 American govern- ment? 47. What are some of Educational Segregation - Historically placed in inferior schools. the barriers that Employment Discrimination - Unequal hiring, wages, and promotions. were and contin- Political Disenfranchisement - Voting restrictions limit representation. ue to be faced Language Barriers - Limited access to education & services. by Hispanic/Lati- Immigration Challenges - Legal status affects rights & opportunities. no Americans in the struggle for civil rights? 48. What are some of 1. Immigration Restrictions - Laws limited Asian immigration. the barriers that 2. Segregation - Denied citizenship and placed in separate schools. were and contin- 3. Job Discrimination - Wage gaps and leadership exclusion. ue to be faced 4. Stereotypes - Seen as "perpetual foreigners." by Asian Ameri- 5. Hate Crimes - Faced violence and discrimination. cans in the strug- gle for civil rights? 49. How have the 1. Legal Discrimination - No full federal protections. LGBTQIA+ com- 2. Marriage Ban - Legal until Obergefell (2015). munity struggled 3. Military Ban - Don't Ask, Don't Tell (1993-2011). for civil rights pro- 4. Hate Crimes - Faced violence (Stonewall Riots, 1969). tections in the 5. Trans Rights - Barriers to ID, healthcare, and safety. United States? Laws like the Equality Act aim to expand protections. 50. What challenges Job Discrimination - Limited opportunities & workplace barriers. have been faced by Americans with Inaccessibility - Public spaces & transport lacked access. disabilities in the Education Barriers - Denied schooling before IDEA (1975). 11 / 15  Module 2B Study Guide American Government Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gl84f1 struggle for civil rights? Healthcare Issues - Limited access & discrimination. Few Legal Protections - ADA (1990) banned discrimination. 51. What methods Protests and Demonstrations: Organizing marches and sit-ins to raise awareness have been used and demand change. by people of col- or, the LGBTQIA+ Legal Challenges: Filing lawsuits to contest discriminatory laws and practices. community, and Legislative Advocacy: Lobbying for the passage of laws that protect civil rights. Americans with disabilities in an Grassroots Mobilization: Building community-based movements to support civil effort to se- rights initiatives. cure greater civil rights? 52. Which amend- 13th - Abolished slavery. ments protect civil rights? 14th - Citizenship & equal protection. 15th - Voting rights for Black men. 19th - Women's right to vote. 24th - Banned poll taxes. 26th - Lowered voting age to 18. 53. What stands out Abolished slavery in the text of the 13th Amend- ment? 54. Granted citizenship, equal protection under the law 12 / 15  Module 2B Study Guide American Government Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gl84f1 What stands out in the text of the 14th Amend- ment? 55. What stands out Voting rights, Gave Black men the right to vote in the text of the 15th Amend- ment? 56. How have so- Civil Rights - 14th & 15th Amendments ’Equal protection & voting rights. cial movements in the United States Women's Rights - 19th Amendment ’Right to vote. been impacted by LGBTQ+ Rights - 14th Amendment ’Marriage equality. the Constitution? Disability Rights - Equal protection ’Led to ADA (1990). Workers' Rights - 1st Amendment & Commerce Clause ’Supported unions & protests. 57. Due Process Protects individual rights from government actions (life, liberty, property) without Clause fair legal procedures. Fair legal process 58. Equal Protec- Requires laws to apply equally to all people, preventing discrimination by the tion Clause (14th government. Amendment) No discrimination in laws 59. Title II: Prohibits discrimination in public accommodations such as hotels, restau- rants, and theaters. 13 / 15  Module 2B Study Guide American Government Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gl84f1 Title IV: Addresses the desegregation of public education. Title VII: Forbids employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin Ended legal segregation & expanded civil rights protections. 60. Who are some of Martin Luther King Jr. - Led the Civil Rights Movement, promoted nonviolent the notable lead- resistance. ers of social move- ments that fur- W. E. B. Du Bois - Advocated for racial equality and co-founded the NAACP. thered the equal Sojourner Truth - Fought for abolition and women's rights. protection of U.S. citizens? Rosa Parks - Sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott, key figure in civil rights. 61. What role Citizenship - Granted to all born in the U.S. has the Four- teenth Amend- Equal Protection - Used to challenge discrimination. ment's protection Due Process - Ensured fair legal protections. of individual liber- ties impacted the struggle for equal rights? 62. The incorporation application of the Bill of Rights to the states. doctrine involves 63. The abridgment free exercise clause. of citizens' free- dom to worship, or not to worship, as they please is prohibited by the 14 / 15  Module 2B Study Guide American Government Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gl84f1 64. The Miranda Rule has required police officers to inform accused persons of their rights prior to questioning. 65. The Supreme inherently suspect and therefore subject to strict scrutiny. Court has ruled that racial discrim- ination is 66. Civil rights ac- through litigation in the courts to gain legal protections against discrimination. tivists, such as those who cam- paign for gay and lesbian equal rights and those who advocated for racial equali- ty in the 1950s and 1960s, often find the most ef- fective way to se- cure those rights is 15 / 15