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‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪www.onlinedoctranslator.com -‬‬ ‫ﺑﻰﺍﻯ ﺍﺱ ‪301‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺬﻫﻞﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺆﺧﺬﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺇﻳﺎﻥﺳﻮﻣﺮﻓﻴﻞ‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬...

‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪www.onlinedoctranslator.com -‬‬ ‫ﺑﻰﺍﻯ ﺍﺱ ‪301‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺬﻫﻞﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺆﺧﺬﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺇﻳﺎﻥﺳﻮﻣﺮﻓﻴﻞ‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬  ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻹﻧﺸﺎءﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻕ ﻭﺁﻣﻦ ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻤﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻬﺎﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪،‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢﺍﻟﺨﺎﺩﻡ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‪.‬ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺉﻪ ﻭﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺘﻪ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻣﺎﻧﻪﻭﻣﻮﺛﻮﻗﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺘﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻫﻨﺎﻙﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻛﺰﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ "ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ" ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﻤﺎً ‪ -‬ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ"ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ" ﻫﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ‪ 4.1‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻭﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﻣﺠﻲ ﻳﺘﺠﺴﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾﻭﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﻪ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﺭﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻥﻫﻮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻳﻨﻔﺬ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺉﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺰﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻋﻨﺪﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﺮﺭ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻭﺑﺪﻻ ًﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺮﻙ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔﻻﺣﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ 4.1‬ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻥ‪API‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺱ‪6‬‬ ‫ﺱ‪5‬‬ ‫ﺱ‪4‬‬ ‫ﺱ‪3‬‬ ‫ﺱ‪2‬‬ ‫ﺱ‪1‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻥ‪2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻥ‪1‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ؟‬ ‫ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻷﻥ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ‪.4.2‬‬ ‫ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﻚ ﻭﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﻭﺻﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻳﺠﺐﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﻫﺪﻓﺎً ﻣﻬﻤﺎً ﻟﻤﺼﻤﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺍً‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻬﻤﻪ ﻭﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻩ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻣﻦﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺮﻣﺠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎء ﻭﻳﻘﺪﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻐﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮﻥ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻘﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ‪ 4.2‬ﺳﻤﺎﺕ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻞﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺈﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺉﺞ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻝ؟‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪﺍﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻞﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻮﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻞﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻃﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ؟‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻞﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍﻗﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ؟‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﻞﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺟﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻭﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﻄﺎء؟‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻞﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ؟‬ ‫ﺻﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﻞﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺸﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺉﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ؟‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ‪ 4.3‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺃﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺃﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲﻓﻴﻠﻢ (‪ Rogue One )https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue_One‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻼﻡ‪ ،Star Wars‬ﺧﺰﻧّﺖ ﺍﻹﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﺮﺓ ﺧﻄﻂ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﻌﺪﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺳﺔﻭﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ‪.‬ﻭﻳﻄُﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‪.‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺉﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻧﻪﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺣﺘﻔﻈﺖ ﺑﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕﻭﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﻠﻠﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻮءﺍﻟﺤﻆ )ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻺﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺮﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺃﻣﻨﻬﻢ‪.‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺳﺮﻗﻮﺍ ﻣﺨﻄﻄﺎﺕ ﻧﺠﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺕ‪،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻋﻢ ﻣﻠﺤﻤﺔ ﺣﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻮﻡ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻌﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣﺮﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔﺃﺭﺷﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺛﺎﺉﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬ﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺎﺭﺕﺍﻹﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﻄﻄﺎﺕ ﻧﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺕ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺳﺮﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻄﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺮﺩﻳﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻲﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻟﺴﺮﻗﺔ ﻣﺨﻄﻄﺎﺕ ﻧﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞﻓﻮﺍﺉﺪ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻭﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻭﻣﻊﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺃﻣﻨﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻚ ﺗﻔﻘﺪ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺇﺫﺍﻗﻤﺖ ﺑﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻳﺴﺘﻐﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺘﺎًﺃﻃﻮﻝ ﻭﻳﻜﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺇﺫﺍﺗﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻦ ﺗﻔﻘﺪ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﻤﺖ ﺑﺘﺨﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‪.‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺍء‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 4.2‬ﻧﻈﺎﻣﺎً ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﻴﻦ )‪ C1‬ﻭ‪ (C2‬ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺽﺃﻥ ‪ C1‬ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺒﻂء ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻌﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﺑﻤﺎﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﺠﻌﻞ ‪ C1‬ﺃﺳﺮﻉ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‪ ،C2‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻓﻲﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ ،4.3‬ﺗﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺨﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍﺍﺣﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻦ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ﻭﻣﻊﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺑﻄﺄ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻠﻒ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻥ ‪ (C3‬ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‪ C1‬ﻭ‪ C2‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ 4.2‬ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺳﻲ ‪2‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪1‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪.4.3‬ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺳﻲ ‪2‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪1‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪C2‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪C1‬‬ ‫ﺳﻲ ‪3‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ 4.4‬ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮﻭﻇﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮﻥ‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ‪ 4.4‬ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺆﺛﺮﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺍء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ‪.‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺧﻄﺄﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺉﺺ‪،‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﻚ ﻧﺠﺎﺣﺎً ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻳﺎً‪.‬ﻟﺴﻮء ﺍﻟﺤﻆ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﻤﺮﺍً ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻴﺎً ﻃﻮﻳﻼً ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻮﻑ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪.‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻜﻴﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻚ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‪.‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻘﻴﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺗﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻷﻧﻚ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻝﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻴﻦ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺪﻫﻮﺭ ﺧﻄﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺩﺍء ﻣﺎ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻘﻢ ﺑﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﻴﺘﻚ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻚ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻴﺼﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺒﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺠﻚﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪.‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﺤﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻀﺔ‪:‬ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻷﺩﺍء‬ ‫ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻫﻲ ﺳﻤﺔ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭﻩﻟﻠﻌﻤﻼء‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻣﻦﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡﺑﺸﻲء ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻊﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﺘﻐﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪.‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻣﻴﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻮﻑ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺃﺑﻄﺄ‪.‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻀﺔ‪:‬ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ )‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪.(4.5‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻌﻴﻦﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺟﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ﻗﺪﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔ ﻣﻴﺰﺓ ﺣﺮﺟﺔ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻃﺒﻘﺔﺗﺸﻔﻴﺮ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻣﻦﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻛﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍﺗﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺟﻤﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﻈﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ 4.5‬ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔ‪IP‬‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔﺍﻟﻤﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻔﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕﺍﻻﺉﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺛﺮﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ ﻟﻸﻣﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻌﻴﻦﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ‪.‬ﻭﻣﻦ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻛﺪﺃﻥ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻬﻢ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻳﺘﺒﺎﻃﺄ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺪﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻣﺰﻋﺠﺎً ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﺎ ﻳﺒﺤﺜﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻳﻀﻄﺮﻭﺍﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲﻻ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺃﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺓ‪،‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲﻻ ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﺇﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺃﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻀﺔ‪:‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻐﺮﻕ ﻟﻄﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬ ‫ ﻳﻌﺪﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﻬﻤﺎً ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﻮﻉ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺇﻥﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻤﺪﻯ "ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ" ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ًﻛﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺉﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺎً ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻣﻦﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺯﺍﺉﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺸﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﺯﺍﺉﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺸﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺇﻥﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻳﺴﺘﻐﺮﻕ ﻭﻗﺘﺎً ﻭﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻀﻴﻒﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍً ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮﺹ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻐﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺃﺳﺉﻠﺔﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ ﻛﻴﻒﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻛﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﻇﺎﺉﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ؟‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻟﻚ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺛﻮﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺟﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ﻛﻴﻒﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ؟‬ ‫ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ؟‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺪﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻧﻚ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻥﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻠﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎًﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ 4.6‬ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺼﻔﺢﺍﻟﻮﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻼﺕﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺪﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔﻭ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻮﻳﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎﻉﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻓﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺱﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻬِﺮﺱِ‬ ‫ﻓﻬِﺮﺱِ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡﺍﻟﻔﻬﺮﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺪﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﻱﺑﻲ ‪5‬‬ ‫ﺩﻱﺑﻲ ‪4‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪DB3‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪DB2‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪1‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ ﺗﻨﺸﺄﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻋﻨﺪﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺗﺠﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ‪ A‬ﻭ‪ ،B‬ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻞ ﻓﻬﻤﻬﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪ A‬ﻭ‪B‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞﺍﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﻥ ‪ A‬ﻭ‪ B‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻷﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻌﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻞﻣﻦ ‪ A‬ﻭ‪.B‬‬ ‫ ﻣﻦﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﺩﺍﺉﻤﺎً ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺎً ﻭﺗﺠﻨﺐ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺎً‪.‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ 4.7‬ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪ C2‬ﻳﻘﻊ ﻣﻊ ‪C1‬‬ ‫‪ C2‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪C1‬‬ ‫‪ C2‬ﻫﻮ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ‪C1‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪1‬‬ ‫ﺳﻲ ‪2‬‬ ‫ﺳﻲ ‪2‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪1‬‬ ‫ﺳﻲﺳﻲ ‪11‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻟﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺳﻲ ‪2‬‬ ‫‪ C2‬ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ‪C1‬‬ ‫ﺳﻲ ‪2‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺝ‪1‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ 4.8‬ﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﻢﺑﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺘﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻨﺐﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻥﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺉﻒﻓﻲ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕﻣﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻚ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺑﻄﻲء‬ ‫‪26‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﻛﻞﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺜﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻘﻠﻖ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺘﻢﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺑﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎﻉﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺩﺍﺧﻞﻛﻞ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺉﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻭﻇﺎﺉﻒ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻓﻲﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ‪) X‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ( ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ‪.X-1‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪27‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻭﻑﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ‬ ‫ ﺇﻥﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺨﺎﻭﻑ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻓﻲﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺇﻥﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻳﺠﺐﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻭﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺇﻥﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﻪ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﻨﻪﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ًﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﻌﺒﺎ‪ً.‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ 4.9‬ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪﺍﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﺍء‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻃﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻴﺔﺗﺤﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ‬ ‫‪29‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ‪ 4.5‬ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻗﻠﻖ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻷﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ SQL‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﺼﻔﺢ ‪.Firefox‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦﻟﻠﻤﻬﺎﺟﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﻐﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪،‬ﻓﺄﻧﺖ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺛﻐﺮﺓ ﺃﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺮﺕ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﺮ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺠﻮﻡ‪،‬ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻕ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻚ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﺸﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ )‬ ‫ﺗﺬﻛﺮﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪ Rogue One‬ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ 4.10‬ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻗﺎﺉﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﻔﺢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔ ﻭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻇﺎﺉﻒﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻭﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪31‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ‪ 4.6‬ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻗﺎﺉﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﻔﺢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﺘﺼﻔﺢ ﻭﻳﺐ ﺗﺴُﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﺫﺝ ‪ HTML‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﺪﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪.‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻳﻀ ًﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ‪ Javascript‬ﻟﻺﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻻ ًﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻝ ﻛﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻭﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻇﺎﺉﻒﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ"ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ" ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻭﻇﺎﺉﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‪.‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻚ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎً‪.‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ‪ 4.7‬ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪iLearn‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺒﺪﺍﺉﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﺉﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻤﻨﺔ ﻣﺪﻣﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭﺍﺗﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ "ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐﻟﻠﻌﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲﺩﻋﻢ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻷﻋﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺭﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻻﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺮﻏﺒﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮﻥﺍﻵﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ‪iLearn‬‬ ‫ ﻛﺎﻥﻫﺪﻓﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ iLearn‬ﻫﻮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺜﻪﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ )‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃﺍﻥ)‪ (1‬ﻭ)‪.((2‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﺍًﻷﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﺍﻭﺣﺖ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 3‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 18‬ﻋﺎﻣﺎً‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﺣﺘﺠﻨﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﺮ ﻭﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃ )‪.((3‬‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢﺍﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃ )‪ (4‬ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻓﻲ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻢ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃ )‪ (5‬ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻒ ﺳﻠﺒﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺟﻮﺍ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪34‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‪ iLearn‬ﻛﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ ﻟﻘﺪﻗﺎﺩﺗﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪iLearn‬‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺎً ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻛﻞﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻱ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‪.‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻭﻇﺎﺉﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔﻟﻠﻄﻼﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞﺍﻟﺠﺰﺉﻲﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺪﺭﻙ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻱ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺪﺭﻙ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻱ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪.4.11‬ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ‪iLearn‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‪iLearn‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺼﻔﺢﺍﻟﻮﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺸﺎءﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺜﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻢﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺞﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺷﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺉﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔﻭﻳﻜﻲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻤﻲ ﺭﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻮﻳﺾ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺉﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬ ‫ ﻳﺤﺪﺩﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬﻩﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺩﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺗﻌُﺪﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺩﻡ ﻧﻮﻋﺎً ﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻄﻖ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻓﻲﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻢﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺉﻒ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻛﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺧﺎﺩﻡ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪37‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ 4.12‬ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ‪1‬‬ ‫ﻃﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ‪2‬‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ‪3‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻃﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻴﻞ ‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫‪38‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪.4.13‬ﻧﻤﻂ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ‪-‬ﻋﺮﺽ‪-‬ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﻔﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺩ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺧﻼﺕﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺽﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺚ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺽﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺚ‬ ‫ﻃﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺇﺷﻌﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻃﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺩﻡ‬ ‫‪39‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺩﻡ‬ ‫ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺩﻡ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ًﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ‪.HTTP‬‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺳﻞﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺩﻡ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ GET‬ﺃﻭ ‪ POST‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺭﺩ)ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ًﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ‪ (URL‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ‪.‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺟﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪JSON.‬ﻭ ‪ XML‬ﻫﻮ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﻧﺼﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻛﻨﺺ‪.‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﺎﻥﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺘﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ‪HTTP‬‬ ‫‪.‬ﻫﻲﻟﻐﺔ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪ Javascript.‬ﻫﻮ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺉﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻐﺔ ‪JSON‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ 4.14‬ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ‪1‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ‪2‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻃﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺩﻡﺍﻟﻮﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ‪3‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻴﻞ ‪...‬‬ ‫‪41‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻛﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻗﺪﺗﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ًﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻞ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺸﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪42‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ 4.15‬ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺱ‪1‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ‪1‬‬ ‫ﺱ‪2‬‬ ‫ﺱ‪3‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ‪2‬‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺩﻡﺍﻟﻮﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﺱ‪4‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ‪3‬‬ ‫ﺱ‪5‬‬ ‫ﺱ‪6‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻴﻞ ‪...‬‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪43‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ ﻧﻮﻉﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺤﺪﻳﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺜﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞﻋﺎﺩﺓ ًﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﻞ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ‪.‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻀﻴﻒ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﺰﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕﻛﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻳﺒﺴﻂ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻣﻨﺼﺔﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺨﻄﻂ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﻦﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ًﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻩ ﻛﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺃﺳﻬﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﻚ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺩﻡ ﻣﺤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻼءﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪44‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ‪ 4.8‬ﺧﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﻞﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ SQL‬ﻋﻼﺉﻘﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ NOSQL‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ؟‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻞﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﻚ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺟﻮﺍﻝ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﺼﺔ ﻭﻳﺐ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﻞﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺧﻮﺍﺩﻡ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺃﻡ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻚ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺤﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ؟ ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖﺍﻟﺴﺤﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻞ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ‪ Amazon‬ﺃﻭ ‪ Google‬ﺃﻭ ‪ Microsoft‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﺧﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺡ‬ ‫ﻫﻞﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺩﻣﺠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﻚ؟‬ ‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻞﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻚ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻣﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺗﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ؟‬ ‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ ﻫﻨﺎﻙﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺷﺎﺉﻊ ﺍﻵﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺉﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ ،NoSQL‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺉﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ ،MySQL‬ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻭﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻣﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ ،NoSQL‬ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ ،MongoDB‬ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕﺍﻟﻌﻼﺉﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﺢﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ NoSQL‬ﺑﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻫﺮﻣﻲ ﺑﺪﻻ ًﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻄﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢﺑﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻣﻨﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪46‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﻣﻨﺼﺔﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬ ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻗﺎﺉﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺐ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞﺍﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝﻣﺘﻘﻄﻊﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺓﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎﺕ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻗﻮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻌﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔﻋﻤﺮ ﺑﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻝ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺣﺔﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔﻟﻮﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﺑﻄﻴﺉﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻸﺧﻄﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﻣﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺇﺣﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻧﺖ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ًﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺼﻔﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻝﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﻠﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺻﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﺍءﻭﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫‪47‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺩﻡ‬ ‫ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫﻫﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻚ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻌﻤﻞﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼء ﺃﻭ ﻟﻴﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺎﺑﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺠﺮﺩ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﻮﺍﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﺘﻘﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲﺩﺍﺉﻤﺎً ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﺴﺤﺎﺑﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺘﻢﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺑﺄﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺗﻔﻀﻞ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺩﻡ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻂﻣﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻚ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫﻫﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺠﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺎﺑﺔﻫﻮ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﺘﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪48‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺡ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﺠﺎﻧﺎً‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠﻬﺎﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﻠﻮ ﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺰﺓﻫﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﺪﻻ ًﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻐﺮﻕ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥﻣﻦ ﻋﻴﻮﺏ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻧﻚ ﻣﻘﻴﺪ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻄﺮﺓﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﻭﻧﻀﺠﻬﺎ ﻭﺩﻋﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻗﺪﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﺮﺧﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﻗﻴﻮﺩﺍً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻚ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻳﺠﺐﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻙ ﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮﻩ‪،‬ﻭﺳﻮﻗﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺒﺮﺓ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫‪49‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ ﺗﺆﺛﺮﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕﺍﻟﻮﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﻣﺪﻣﺠﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻗﺪﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ًﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻮﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺄﻟﻮﻓﺔ ﻳﻔﻬﻤﻮﻧﻬﺎ‪.‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﻳﻘﻚ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺨﺒﺮﺓ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺉﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﺠﺎﺩﻟﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺪﻻ ًﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪.NoSQL‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ ‪1‬‬ ‫ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺴﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﻪ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﺭﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺇﻥﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺛﻮﻗﻴﺔﻭﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﻚ ﻭﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﺃﻭﺻﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕﻭﻋﻼﻗﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻸﻭﺻﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻬﻠﺔﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦﺗﺤﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪51‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ ‪2‬‬ ‫ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺠﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎًﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺪﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻳﺤﺪﺩﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺩﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺗﻌﺪﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺩﻡ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺪﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻳﻌﺪﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺤﺎﺑﺔ ﺟﺰءﺍً ﻣﻬﻤﺎً‬ ‫ﻣﻦﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫‪52‬‬ ‫‪© BIS3012023‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬