Social and Moral Development Lecture Notes 2024 PDF

8/13/24 What is Social Development? Forming bonds with people Lecture 4: Social...

8/13/24 What is Social Development? Forming bonds with people Lecture 4: Social Development Professor Rachel Zajac office: 413 William James Building phone: 479 3988 email: [email protected] 1 2 What is Social Development? Forming bonds with people Learning to behave in socially acceptable ways 3 4 5 6 1  8/13/24 What is Social Development? Forming bonds with people Learning to behave in socially acceptable ways Learning to be good friends and allies 7 8 What is Social Development? Forming bonds with people Learning to behave in socially acceptable ways Learning to be good friends and allies Learning to deal with adversaries 9 10 Attachment Revisited Attachment = “an emotional and social bond between infant and caregiver that spans both time and space” John Bowlby (1969) 11 12 2  8/13/24 Strange Situation Test 13 14 Achieving Social Development Achieving Social Development Social Learning Theory Social Learning Theory Cognitive Developmental Theory 15 16 Achieving Social Development Social Learning Theory Cognitive Developmental Theory Parents 17 18 3  8/13/24 Demandingness + - Responsiveness Authoritative Permissive + Authoritarian Disengaged - 19 20 Achieving Social Development Achieving Social Development Social Learning Theory Social Learning Theory Cognitive Developmental Theory Cognitive Developmental Theory Parents Parents > Parenting style is a two-way street Peer relationships 21 22 Emotional Development Emotional Development Expressing emotions Understanding others’ feelings Ø basic emotions are present from early on Ø others take time to emerge 23 24 4  8/13/24 Emotional Development Moral Development Emotional regulation Moral Behaviour = behaviour that conforms to Ø infants are reliant on adults to soothe them a generally accepted set of rules Ø self-soothing ability develops over time Ø display rules govern the degree to which emotions Not doing wrong need to be regulated in a given situation 25 26 Moral Development Moral Development Moral Behaviour = behaviour that conforms to Moral Behaviour = behaviour that conforms to a generally accepted set of rules a generally accepted set of rules Not doing wrong Doing right Ø Initially entirely guided by consequences Ø Internalisation of rules Ø Principle of Minimal Sufficiency 27 28 Moral Development Moral Behaviour = behaviour that conforms to a generally accepted set of rules Doing right Ø empathic distress Ø offers of help initially egocentric 29 30 5  8/13/24 Moral Development “Hey Mum, in the weekend, adults just want to relax, don’t Moral Behaviour = behaviour that conforms to they? So could you please a generally accepted set of rules make a list of all the things you have to do and I will do Doing right them. You can just relax and Ø empathic distress drink coffee.” Ø offers of help are initially egocentric Ø prosocial behaviour might leave you worse off 31 32 Kohlberg’s Theory Kohlberg’s Theory Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987) Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987) Studied boys between 10 and 17 years Presented subjects with scenarios 33 34 Kohlberg’s Theory Preconventional Level Behaviour is based on external sanctions, such Heinz’s wife is dying of cancer, and can be as authority and punishment treated only by a medication discovered by a local pharmacist. Heinz cannot afford the Stage 1 – Punishment and obedience price that the pharmacist demands. Obeying authority and avoiding punishment Stage 2 – Instrumental hedonism Should Heinz steal the drug? Behaviour is guided egocentrically by the Why/why not? pleasantness of its consequences/fulfilment of needs 35 36 6  8/13/24 Conventional Level Postconventional Level Includes an understanding that the social Moral rules have some underlying principles system has an interest in people’s behaviour that apply to all situations and societies Stage 3 – Maintaining good relations Stage 5 – Social contracts Wanting to be regarded as good, well- behaved people Rules are social contracts, not all authority figures are infallible, individual rights can Stage 4 – Maintaining social order sometimes take precedence over laws Laws and moral rules maintain social order and must be obeyed 37 38 Postconventional Level Evaluating Kohlberg’s Theory Moral rules have some underlying principles Effect of wording changes on response that apply to all situations and societies Stage 6 – Universal ethical principles Rules and laws are justified by abstract ethical values, such as the value of human life and the value of dignity 39 40 Evaluating Kohlberg’s Theory Evaluating Kohlberg’s Theory Effect of wording changes on response Effect of wording changes on response Stages may not be coherent entities, but do Stages may not be coherent entities, but do reflect a progression reflect a progression Cultural and gender biases? 41 42 7  8/13/24 Evaluating Kohlberg’s Theory Effect of wording changes on response Stages may not be coherent entities, but do reflect a progression Cultural and gender biases? Correlation between moral reasoning and moral conduct 43 8